《台灣社會研究季刊》 第48期：

編輯室報告

以「全球化」這個符號為統領的措辭大軍裡，有我們耳熟能詳的「資訊」、「金融」、「網絡」、「流動空間」、「即時」、「無時之時」、「無重量世界」、「知識財產」、「創投資本」、「全球城市」、「達康公司」…。但這些概念，或更正確地說，這些激勵鼓動某種未來世界圖像的馬賽克片斷，經常在它們合力鼓吹某個趨勢時，也在遮掩一個現象，這個現象即是「勞工流移」（labor migration）。所謂勞工流移，既是流亡（diaspora），也是移動（movement），是現代性從黑奴買賣開始以來，從沒有間斷過的被迫或半被迫的人口遷徙現象，只是於今尤盛，不僅是跨城鄉，更是與日俱增地跨越國界甚或洲界。

勞工流移無法輕易地統攝在輕快好巧的新自由主義全球化主旋律之內，而往往出之以悲慘世界式的拖音，或是卓別林式的雜音，讓主調窘態畢露。何以致此？其實根本的原因在於一個根本的、自明的、但卻經常荒謬地被拒絕認知的事實：勞動身體的不可虛擬化，以及因此一基本事實而生的、抹之不去的「傳統資本主義」（與國家以及文化主宰群體）對（異國或是本國鄉下來的）有血有肉的勞工的壓制、剝削、規訓與歧視。在這個（潛在）衝突力場中所展現的勞動主體的文化自重、基本人權與社會正義要求，在在使得勞工流移現象成為自我感受超級良好的當代新自由主義的雅不願被揭之瘡疤所在。

《台社》這一期的七篇論文/調查報告即是對於勞工流移現象的集體知識介入，相信應對勞工流移這個現象的被問題化與「全球化」議題的深化有一定的貢獻。這個專題是由本社編委夏曉鵑所構思籌畫。她並且針對這個專輯作了一個深入的導讀論文，對勞工流移這個議題的諸多分析性與政治性面向進行初步的地景圖繪。《台社》在未來將會繼續作類似的努力，針對重要議題，籌組大型專題。

又是歲末了，《台社》在此感謝讀者、作者、與評審者的支持，使台社在進入到第十五個年頭時，初衷不易，猶然奮進於批判性學術的在地實踐。這個實踐，於現實有何影響，不易論斷，也固非自身所宜衡評，但《台社》在這十多年來一直提供著一個跨學科（interdisciplinary）的論述場域、鼓勵具有問題意識的研究、並促進在地與區域間批判學術的對話，則似乎是一些較為多數人所認知到的重要特色。在學術日益專門化的今天，這個跨越學術畛域、維繫學科之間對話的角色，將更為《台社》所珍惜；《台社》也有決心要繼續一盡棉薄之力。

在此特別要感謝眾多的評審者！你們來自不同的學科，本之於對學術的熱情與責任感，提供了優質的評審意見，幫助了作者，進而也嘉惠於讀者。沒有你們這些義務評審者，《台社》也不可能有今天的持續與展現。《台社》藉這個機會向你們表示誠摯的謝意，致謝名單列於刊末。

騷動流移的虛構商品：「勞工流移」專題導讀／夏曉鵑(48 民 91.12 頁 1-14)

二○○二年十一月底，數百名戲稱自己是幽靈人口的「大陸新娘」，帶著孩子，手舉「我要身份證」、「反居留延長」以及「我愛台灣」等標語，走上街頭，吸引台灣人民或懷疑或同情的目光。她們說：「我們是台灣媳婦，幫台灣人養兒育女，為什麼我們的地位比不上東南亞新娘？」數年來，為了能在台灣安身立命，她們不斷爭取工作權和身份證。

據官方統計，台灣現今每四對新婚夫妻之中，便有一對是國人與外籍配偶聯姻，外籍配偶中又以東南亞及大陸新娘佔大宗。這群來自東南亞的「外籍新娘」和中國大陸的「大陸新娘」不僅完成了許多農工階級家庭傳宗接代的心願，更成了台灣廉價勞動力的來源。除了以婚姻形式入境台灣，另有三十多萬「外籍勞工」，和不能「上岸」的「大陸漁工」投入台灣的生產行列。隨著愈來愈多的境外人口進入台灣，「移民」問題漸漸浮上檯面，幾年光景，很快地我們意識到台灣政府並沒有移民政策，而一般民眾甚至社運團體對此相關議題亦相當陌生，甚至漠視。究竟他們為何遷移？處境為何？大陸新娘和勞工為何遭受更多的不平等對待？什麼是公民權？而誰才有權利成為台灣的「公民」？

台灣的情況從來無法孤立於世界局勢而觀之，移民問題亦然。睽諸世界，號稱「民族熔爐」的美國已進入第四波移民潮，二十世紀末移民已佔總人口近10%；歐洲各國也正經歷移民衝擊，外籍居民在德國佔總人口的8.2%，在法國佔6.4%，瑞士更高達16.3%（Brettell and Holifield, 2000），即使在原本嚴格限制移民的日本也在八年代准許外籍勞工進入；而在發展中國家出現的大規模人口流動，包括非洲的難民，及亞洲和中東地區的客工（guest workers），更引起部份論者稱為「全球流移危機」（global migration crisis）（Weiner, 1995）、將二十世紀後半葉定性為「流移的年代」（age of migration）（Castlesand Miller, 1993）。

「勞工流移」專題

跨國移工、台灣建國意識與公民運動／成露茜(48 民 91.12 頁 15-44)

本文企圖以台灣境內移駐勞工（外勞）為例，介入目前國際學界對兩個彼此相關的問題討論：跨國主義 (transnationalism) 與新跨國勞動力流動；及移駐勞工、公民權及人權之間的關係。

當前跨國勞動力流動不是線性的，而是迂迴放射性的。由於亞洲國家對公民權的取得以血統為主要原則，入籍限制嚴格；和亞洲地區的契約式勞動力流動型態，以致跨國移工已成為永久性客工。建立在客工是一個過渡現象之上的傳統移民理論，因此不足以處理現在的跨國人力流動。有些學者認為應該重新界定「公民」概念，不可將之侷限於國家的疆土範圍之內。台灣改變中的國族概念如何與人民、公民這些概念聯結？這樣的聯結對跨國移工有什麼影響？

本文就外勞意向、建國意識、地域空間、及權利主張這四種變項之間的關係做一初步的探討。它說明傳統中國對血統的重視，雖然仍舊主導台灣對公民概念的理解，但在台灣進行中的建國方案的地理政治考慮下正產生改變。面對全球性的人力流動，同時作為一個亟需外勞的國家，台灣必須重新評價它的建國意識。本文分析出三條路徑：優遇外勞多於中國大陸華人而改變以血統為原則的排外政策；或偏重華裔而放寬對大陸居民來台的限制；和以居民參與公共事務和經濟、社會及政治生活為公民的基礎。前兩者都要求發展出一個有前瞻性的、以公民參與為原則的國族概念；後者則完全跳脫族國框架。無論採取何者，都必定是一個新的包容方式來面對全球化人口流動引發的人文、社會和經濟的挑戰。

關鍵字：跨國移工、建國意識、公民權、外勞、國際遷徙

This study of foreign labor in Taiwan attempts to contribute to contemporary discourses on two inter-related problematics: 1. Transnationalism and the formation of new transnational labor migration; and 2. Migrant labor, citizenship or human rights.

Current transnational migration is non-linear but diasporic. Since Asian nation-states do not provide a system of citizenship acquisition based on naturalization, and the prevailing contract migrant labor regime in the region, "migrant labor" has become a permanent "guest-working" phenomenon. How does the changing conceptualization of the nation-state in Taiwan relates to the
idea of nationhood and citizenship? And what is its implication for the incorporation of migrant labor?

This study theorizes the relationship between migrant orientation, state-building ideology, territoriality, and the basis for rights-claims of migrants. It shows that traditional Chinese emphasis on lineage and ancestry, though still a dominant role in the conception of nationhood, is modified by geopolitical concerns in Taiwan's on-going state-building project. As a state-in-formation in need of outside labor, Taiwan must reevaluate its state-building ideology. This analysis points to three potential routes: to privilege transnational foreign labor over mainland Chinese and change its descent centered exclusionist policy; or to privilege ethnic Chinese and relax its political vigilance toward PRC ; or to insist on resident participation in public
affairs and in the economic, political and social lives of Taiwan as a new basis of citizenship. The former two alternatives require the construction of a new concept of nationhood that is based on a forward-looking principle of citizen participation; whereas the last one is unbounded by any predetermined nation-state framework. Regardless of which is adopted, it will be a new model capable of meeting the challenge of contemporary global labor flows.

Keywords:transnational labor, citizenship, state, ideology, migration

誰來上崗：中國城市勞動力市場的不平等競爭／鄭怡雯(48 民 91.12 頁 45-94)

相較過去計劃經濟時代，改革開放後中國農民有了流動的自由。本文首先從流動自由此一面向切入，回頭來談中國農村社會格局的重組，與此變化伴生的農村勞動力流動，衝擊著計劃經濟下的戶口制度。而戶口制度的物質基礎雖面臨崩解，但卻以另一套結合市場經濟體制的新規範來對流動進行管制。此外，隨著中國逐步融入全球經濟體系，促使改革不斷深化的過程中，國企下崗益發嚴重，藉由強化戶口劃分本外地來壓縮外地民工就業空間，反倒成了流入地方政府用以協助下崗職工再就業的政策措施。再者，普遍經濟性吸納和社會性排斥的處境，使「從流動到流浪」成了中國民工的生活基調，由此也反應了中國社會性質的深層變化。

關鍵字：農民工、下崗、戶口制度、市場經濟

The Chinese peasants now enjoy the freedom of movement in the reform period, a privilege they were not allowed during the decades of the planned economy. The article first discusses the change of Chinese rural society under which rural labor began to flow into the towns and cities, striking a blow against the household system under the planned economy. The breakdown of the household system has not meant, however, that the system itself no longer functions. On the contrary, it has combined with the market economy to provide new rules to manage the movement of Chinese peasants. On the other hand, as from China inlaying with global economy system, more and more state-own enterprise (SOE) workers are laid off in the deepening reform process. And to prevent unrest labors resulting in a big disturbance, SOEs are enforced to pay those un-employees pensions by month for at least 3 years until they get next jobs. (In China, these laid off SOEs labors are called "Xia-Kang" workers.) Moreover, to let the "Xia-Gang" workers have more chances to be employed, the government also adopts household system as means to try to make peasant migrants get job much uneasily. Thus, under the dual forces between economic suction and social repulsion, almost Chinese peasant migrants have the same living experience from flow to roam, which also reflects the deep change of China society structure.

Keywords:peasant migrants, Xia- Gang, household system, market economy

現代化的幻影—消費和生產的雙人舞／嚴海蓉(48 民 91.12 頁 95-134)

通過我在安徽一家勞務輸出站和北京一家家庭服務公司的訪查，這篇文章旨在分析當前的現代性如何在城市和鄉村相隔的舞臺上導演著勞動和消費的雙人舞，既激發又管制著年輕的打工妹，使她們在農村渴求成為具有現代性的消費者，而在城市卻成為體力勞動者和供雇主消費的被消費者。家庭勞工的身體無可選擇地與勞動聯繫在一起，在她們的特定的階級／性別位置上體驗著這一勞動和消費的矛盾。打工妹從農村到城市流動的過程也是這對矛盾在她們的體驗中作用的過程，使得她們一次又一次重新編排自我，卻一次又一次地發現自己困頓在矛盾中，無法自我整合。最後通過生產和消費的矛盾關係我把分析引向安徽和上海之間發生的一場文化小衝突。在這場因打工妹而起的衝突中，打工妹卻被隱去了。在九十年代興起的樹立“安徽新形象”的活動中，打工妹類似地被“新形象”所否定，拋棄和淘汰。打工妹無法自我整合的困頓折射出中國社會無法整合的難局。

關鍵字：勞動力流動、家庭勞工、隸從性勞動、消費、主體性、區域形象、社會整合

Through my ethnographic study of one labor export station in Anhui and a training session for domestic workers in Beijing, I examine how the power ofpost-Mao modernity relies on pas de deux of consumption and production in inciting and disciplining young migrant women, which produce them as longing consumer subjects in the countryside and as producers of labor power for consumption in the city. The bodies of domestic workers, inextricably grounded in labor, are caught in contradictions of production and consumption
that are specific to their subject position. I argue that the process of migration,imbricated with pas de deux of consumption and production, is a process of re-collecting the self in contradictions. I also link this with contradiction of production and consumption in my analysis of the minor cultural battle waged by Anhui readers against the publication of a virulent satire of migrant women in Shanghai and argue that migrant women are largely
erased in the battle that is putatively waged on their behalf. I will show that migrant women,particularly domestic workers, will be further erased, rejected or symbolically disowned in the campaign for the new image of Anhui. The problem surrounding migrant women straddling the contradictions further reflect the difficulty of contemporary Chinese society in articulating a structural coherence and integration.

Keywords:labor migration, domestic workers, subjected labor, subjectivity, regional image, social integration

看／不見疊影—家務與性工作中的婢妾身形／丁乃非(48 民 91.12 頁 135-138)

本論文主要探討性／別在親密家務勞動（性與家務工作）的歷史與象徵意義上的「卑賤」特質。「妳們為甚麼會選擇當妓女呢？怎麼不去找個掃街之類的、當清潔工的工作？」「她們怎麼會願意離開菲律賓，拋夫棄子地跑來香港當外傭？」（言下之意，即：她們要不是因為有骯髒、懶惰之類的道德缺陷，怎麼會淪落到來當外傭？）第一個問題是台灣的女性主義者在台北公娼運動中（1997年至1999年）問性工作者的，而第二個問題則是香港的中產階級雇主們問一位研究菲傭的人類學家的。在這兩個問題背後，隱藏著階序中身影朦朧的卑賤主體及其羞恥效應，這正是本論文所要初步追蹤的主題。本文並置閱讀社會學敘事論述與小說虛構敘事體：香港歷史與人類學裏的婢妾研究、台灣的小說《橘子紅了》和香港的電影《自梳》，這些作品裏潛藏了一條無法言說的小徑，這小徑始於過去婢女以及婢女轉妾的卑賤生命，而後通向當代對婢妾的種種重／新再現，而這種種再現也正是從多種角度看／不見婢妾的卑賤性。過去的卑賤所帶來的羞恥感形成了一抹影子般的光暈，這抹疊影擦不淨也褪不去，的的確確地存在於自覺理當清晰、無影的當下。

關鍵字：性工作、家務工作、卑賤性、女性化、女性主義、疊影

This paper begins with one question that has recurred in the process of the sex workers' movement of Taipei from 1997-1999 and another question concerning migrant domestic workers in Hong Kong. One way toward understanding these knotted questions of agency, individuality and moral choice put to sex workers by feminists and domestic workers by female employers is to critically juxtapose social historical and anthropological studies of the figure of the bondmaid-concubine with fictional representations of
her travails as she takes the difficult road into late twentieth century domestic and/or sex work. And to begin to trace the shadow of base personhood and projected shame haloing this figure in both contemporary social science studies of domestic and sex work as well as concurrent fictional imaginaries.

Keywords:sex work, domestic work, base femininities, feminisms, doubles

跨越國界的生命地圖：菲籍家務移工的流動與認同／藍佩嘉(48 民 91.12 頁 169-218)

本研究透過田野觀察與深入訪談的方式，探討菲律賓籍女性家務移工之跨國流動與階級認同。本文首先說明，菲律賓大量勞力移駐海外的政經脈絡，是與殖民背景、性別關係等社會文化因素密切連結。其次，我探討中產階級背景的菲籍海外勞工，面從事低技術、污名化的海外家務工作時，要如何因應衝突的階級流動，並在日常生活中協商自我的身分認同。我發現她們透過社會空間的前後台區隔（工作日vs. 放假日; 母國vs. 地主國）、隔離進行的勞動與消費活動、以及不同的時間向度（現在vs. 未來），來形塑多重的角色扮演與流動的主體認同。

關鍵字：家務勞工、外籍勞工、認同、菲律賓

Based on ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews, this article explores the transnational migration and class identification of Filipina migrant domestic workers. First, I argue that the economic motivation to work abroad is mediated by social and cultural factors such as the colonial legacy and gender relations in the Philippines. Second, I examine how Filipina migrant workers with a previous middle-class background deal with their contradictory class mobility, when taking on low-skilled, stigmatized domestic work. I found that they perform multiple roles and shifting identities through the front/backstage segregation in social space (working days vs. rest day; home country vs. host country) and the differentiation of temporal horizons (now vs. future).

Keywords:Domestic worker, migrant worker, identification, the Philippines

調查報告

菲律賓移駐勞工在台灣的處境／亞太移駐勞工工作團(48 民 91.12 頁 219-234)

為回應資本主義全球化，菲律賓政府全面採取自由化、私有化和去管制化政策，對原本落後、農業和前工業化的菲律賓經濟，產生致命的傷害。接二連三的經濟危機，使得失業成為菲律賓社會長久以來的問題，而「勞力出口計劃」便成為馬可士政權以來歷任菲律賓總統解決失業問題的策略，並已成為國家最重要財政來源。台灣於1990正式引進外勞，但在此之前，菲律賓人便開始在台灣以非法身份工作。移工為台灣提供了大量的廉價勞動力，特別是底層的「3-D」工作。移工在台處境艱難，須繳巨額仲介費，並面對壓迫和剝削的工作和生活條件，以及漠視和屈從的菲律賓官員。「亞太移工工作團」是個以支持移駐勞工運動為職志的區域性中心，藉由倡導、組織和連結，以促進移工權益；由於當地組織的協助和其他客觀因素，目前在香港和韓國的移工組織工作較為成功，值得台灣發展移工組織參考。

關鍵字：移駐勞工、外籍勞工、全球化、組織工作、菲律賓、台灣

As a response to the call for capitalist globalization, the Philippine government has employed liberalization, privatization and deregulation in full scale, which has been greatly detrimental to the already backward, agrarian and pre-industrial Philippines and its ailing economy. Time and again, the Philippine economic crisis convulses. With such a condition, domestic unemployment becomes a permanent fixture in Philippine society. Since Marcos regime, the "labor export program" has served as a solution to the rising unemployment problems and it has become the top dollar earner for the country. Filipinos started working in Taiwan as undocumented workers even before the Taiwan government formally imported migrant workers in 1990. The migrant workers in Taiwan have to face very difficult situation, including excessive placement and brokers fees, oppressive and exploitative working and living conditions, and indifferent and subservient Philippine government officials. APMM is a cause-oriented regional center committed to support the migrants' movement through advocacy, organizing, and building linkages for the advancement of migrants' rights. With the support of local groups and other conditions, the organizing work of migrant workers in Hong Kong and South Korea are more successful, which can be emulated in Taiwan in the future.

Keywords: migrant workers, foreign workers, globalization, organizing work, Philippines, Taiwan

外勞政策的利益結構與翻轉的行政實驗初探—以台北市的外勞行政、文化實踐為例／ 龔尤倩(48 民 91.12 頁 235-286)

外籍勞工這一群來自東南亞國家，因為經濟弱勢而飄洋過海出賣廉價勞動力，在台灣勞動市場中墊底、在社會對待上被邊緣化、污名化。筆者從基層勞工運動出發，在外勞的組織工作中經驗了不同的社會位置，由中壢希望職工中心的救火隊式協助，到三年前進入了臺北市政府操作國家機器的外勞行政者，筆者透過過往運動累積的經驗，以「行動研究」（Action research ）作為一個行政實驗的方法，利用行政部門的資源，發展出一連串包括了服務與文化活動的行動方案。

這一篇報告，將初步呈現筆者的行動實踐思考過程與工作歷程。筆者以清楚的階級立場批判外勞問題叢結結構，並透過行政部門的人力資源，瞭解外勞與雇主複雜的生存困境，設計創造外勞新認識論的社會目標，藉以改變外勞的社會地位與勞動處境的行動方案。對於外籍勞工從參與行動方案中的作用與再行動改變的資料，將是筆者繼續進行的行動研究。

關鍵字：外籍勞工、家庭監護工、家庭幫傭、邊緣化、污名化、行動研究、行政實驗、外勞文化政策、在地化、置身涉入

To these days, there are more than three hundred thousands' migrant workers in Taiwan, most of them coming from the neighboring South Eastern Asian countries. Coming of a relatively lower economic background, they are compelled to sell their cheap labor forces in this country. For this reason, they are also forced to live on the margin of our society, and are often stigmatized. My position as a labor activist in the past years has given me various opportunity to approach the issue of migrant workers in Taiwan, and to organize them in various levels. In this paper, I will give a brief account
of my efforts and transition in these different organizations, starting from the Hope Workers Center at Chung Li, a non-governmental organization, to the Foreigner Worker Counseling Center, within the framework of Taipei City Government. I will also give accounts to what I shall describe as the "Action Research", an approach that has continued to guide me in these years, helping me to promote the migrant workers' rights through various cultural practices and policy making. Finally, I will describe how the migrants' continuing participation and their response to these measures is immanent to the migrant worker's movement itself, and need to be closely. To make this report, I have thought and realized the work we do is just a start and it is a process. I am very clear about the rank, positions and structural problems, the complicated situation of migrant workers and their employers, desire to bring about a new and better understanding of migrants' society and thus transform the position and work situation. studied.

Keywords:migrant workers, caretaker, domestic helper, marginalization, stigmatization, action research, administration experiment, cultural policy on migrant workers, localization, engagement