《台灣社會研究季刊》 第53期:

編輯室報告

 本社於二○○三年十月四日與五日舉辦了《台灣社會研究季刊》十五週年學術研討會,主題是「邁向公共化、超克後威權」(研討會議程,作為歷史文件,附於文後)。除了一篇具有宣言性質的基調論文外,這個研討會一共發表了十二篇學術論文;這些論文,如果通過正式學術審查,將陸續刊登於本刊,藉此機會預先通知,請大家密切注意。這個研討會是自一九八八年創刊以來,台社第二次以集體論述的方式,進行自我釐清,並對現實提出介入論述。我們企圖在這樣的集體論述中,對當前情勢提出比較概括性、宏觀性的分析與批判,而這樣的分析與批判又必然和我們的規範性立場,以及對未來的願景相結合。第一次這樣的介入是在一九九五年初以「什麼是台灣社會研究?」為名的台社七週年學術研討會。

  在一九九五年的「七週年研討會」,本社以編委會集體具名發表了〈由新國家到新社會——兼論基進的台灣社會研究〉一文。文中指出「建立新國家的努力,已經成為社會的主要走向,而在意識型態上,新國家則全面發展國家主義,其動員的策略則是以人民的名義,重建一套威權統治體系,故這體系可定性為「民粹威權主義」,這新國家的各種霸權計畫,都可以由這個角度來瞭解。這些計畫以「人民」為名要求共識,卻掩蓋了嚴重的社會問題,壓制了眾多差異並阻礙了多元的社會發展。」(台社第二十期,〈編輯室報告〉)

  自從一九九○年代中期台社對當時的局勢提出了「民粹威權主義」診斷之後,在將近九年的時間中,台灣社會所經歷的變化不可謂不大,其中比較明顯的是政權輪替、李登輝時期的結束、以及台灣經濟在二○○○年之後的比較顯著的衰退。這些大致是一般大眾與媒體所注意到的轉變,但對台社而言,這些轉變對台灣的現狀與歷史走向的意義何在,可能需要更歷史、更結構,以及更有價值關懷的全面性分析,才能被說清楚。基於這樣的信念,台社在研討會之前兩年就開始構想這個論述介入,後經過多次討論,由全體編委定稿,並決議以編委會名義發表了研討會基調論文〈邁向公共化、超克後威權:民主左派論述的初構〉。

  在這篇有濃厚宣言性質的基調論文中,我們希望達到四個主要任務:指出當前危機、定位我們的當代、重新整理過去、與指向未來。我們首先指出,今天有四大普世價值陷入深刻的危機中,它們分別是社會正義、政治公共化、多元認同之間的平等、以及兩岸和平。以這四個價值作為規範基礎,我們架構歷史與分析社會,指出今日為一後威權時期(以與流行的「民主完成論」做出區隔),並透過歷史性的分析,指出今日與過去種種威權時期的連續與斷裂。後威權時期既因襲了威權時期的諸種落後反動(例如,兩岸和平的持續危機、政治公共化的低度發展、以及否定多元文化認同之間的平等),也同時緊縮或放棄了威權時期的少數相對進步質素(例如,國家對基礎社會公平正義的維繫,以及國家對資本的相對自主性)。

  這樣的一種對於當前社會的定位,其實是被不論藍或綠陣營所共同壓制或忽略的。他們在表面的奪權喧囂下,其實是有深刻共謀關係的。針對這種藍綠霸權,我們提出了「民主左派」,期望能為對現狀憂憤的群體與公民,提供一種蘊含不同批判立足點與社會想像的另類論述空間。因此,這篇基調論文除了是一知識份子的批判論述介入外,也是在邀請所有對這四大價值有所堅持的個人與群體展開對話,擴大批判的公共領域。抱持著這個想法,台社同仁在去年的研討會結束後,和包括成大、東海、清華、世新、政大、台大等多所大學的同學與社團一起針對這篇主題論文進行座談。參與座談的同仁咸對年輕同學的熱情參與以及坦率發言印象深刻,感受到了青年學生對於當前形勢的改變期待。對於這些期待,台社同仁雖量力無能承受,但是也不敢不嚴肅面對,不敢不以臨深屢薄的態度維繫從而發揚知識份子的批判傳統。年輕學子對我們的鼓勵更具體的表現在他們對這篇主題論文的書面回應與批評,現在也刊登在本期台社。在這些回應與批評中,除了前輩金寶瑜教授的一篇外,其餘都是來自青年學生的。我們仍然歡迎來自各世代、各角度的批評與回應。

  本期共有四篇正式論文。黃宗儀的〈都市空間的生產——全球化的上海〉,以充滿政治經濟學敏感的筆觸,對上海這個新興全球城市的空間象徵政治作了精彩的文化解讀。甯應斌的〈性工作與現代性:現代自我的社會條件〉則是從性工作的運動立場為基底,徵調多種社會理論資源,深入探討現代性與自我構成的一篇論文,展現了作者關於這個議題的長期思考。成令方與傅大為的〈初論台灣泌尿科的男性身體觀〉則是從女性主義出發,探討了男性泌尿科醫師的「男性身體觀」,見微知著,對台灣社會男性的身體意識與自我意識多有精彩發明。本期四篇論文裡頭和研討會基調論文有直接對話關係的則是瞿宛文的〈後威權下再論「民營化」〉。這篇論文是作者繼八年前在台社七週年研討會所發表的〈國家與台灣資本主義的發展——評論《解構黨國資本主義》〉一文之後,所做的另一次針對當代台灣的國家與資本主義叢結所做的批判性檢視,值得讀者高度注意。

 

《台灣社會研究季刊》十五週年學術研討會之基調論文

邁向公共化、超克後威權—民主左派論述的初構/台社編委會


一般論文

後威權下再論「民營化」/瞿宛文(53 民 93.3 頁 29-60)

1990年代初,反威權的政治運動曾與新自由主義思潮密切結合,因而經濟自由化、「民營化」(私有化)被認為是「解構黨國」的必要手段。但當具政治正當性的新政府上台、公營事業領導者異主之後,原先為解構而進行私有化的論據是否失效?本文歷史性探討推動私有化的力量,然後再討論在後威權時代該如何看待私有化這公共政策議題。

自1989年始推動私有化至今,新舊政府私有化的方式皆甚為可議,不單有圖利財團之爭議,並且私有化被定義為將官股比例降至半數以下,因此官方多仍握有控制權但不用被監督。解嚴後,國家隨即開始開放特許市場,種種跡象顯示私部門主要關切的是公營事業的壟斷權,而不是其私有化與否。因此,自由化之後,與民爭利說已不再是推動私有化的主要力量。

新舊政府推動私有化的動機包括:錢權交換,新自由主義意識型態影響,籌措(短期)財源,卸下負擔政策任務的包袱等。民主化過程中,政治競賽導致賦稅日減財政赤字擴大,籌措財源日漸成為政府推動私有化的重要動機。因社會運動力量薄弱,其所提出的社會民主的訴求難以抗衡新自由主義意識型態的霸權,以及政治向資本的全面傾斜。

自由化以來寡佔壟斷已再現,社會分化已日益嚴重,重新確認社會公平的價值與公共服務政策目標實為當務之急。因此,我們反對進一步私有化,反對為籌措(短期)財源而私有化,反對無條件全面自由化,更重要的應是建立完善遊戲規則。公營事業本身應進行革新,進一步專業化企業化,健全公司治理機制,政策任務應透明化、去黨派化,監督機制透明化,績效評估公開化,政策任務應重新界定,以確認社會公平的價值與公共服務政策目標。

關鍵字:民營化、私有化、黨國資本主義、後威權、社會民主

In the early 1990s, anti-authoritarian sentiment was high. The political movement partly relied upon neo-liberal arguments, calling for economic liberalization and privatization of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), as a way to dismantle the authoritarian rule. As we have entered post-authoritarian times, we need to re-examine the issues of privatization, for anti-authoritarian motives no longer apply.

The results of privatization have not been satisfactory. Some cases are suspected of corruption. The government considers an SOE privatized once it reduces its share holdings below 50%. In most cases, the government retains control but escapes formal monitoring. Since democratization began in the late 1980s, political competition led to numerous rounds of tax cuts and consequently a continuous decline in tax revenue and an increase in fiscal deficit. The urgent need to raise revenue has gradually become an important motive for privatization. Neo-liberal doctrine reins supreme, providing justification for privatization.

Liberalization in the last couple decades has led to an increase in concentration of economic power and social stratification. The decline in social services has meant that people with less income and those in remote areas now receive fewer services. Privatization of SOEs has also raised the unemployment rate. The problems of social justice implicated in privatization have not received the attention in public policy
discourse they deserve.

It is proposed here that further privatization be put on hold until due process can be assured; that privatization should not be done merely to raise revenue; that there should be no unconditional liberalization; and that it is more important to establish appropriate rules of the game. There should also be a proper supervision mechanism, freeing SOEs from the influences of partisan politics. Most of all, we need to give SOEs a new mission, with social-justice-oriented policy goals.

Keywords:privatization, party-state capitalism, post-authoritarian rule, social democracy


都市空間的生產:全球化的上海/黃宗儀(53 民 93.4頁 61-84)

今日的全球城市上海,一如它傲人的浦東新區所示,是一個全球化的展示櫥窗,是勒斐伏爾(Lefebvre)所謂的「紀念性空間」(monumental space),亦是當前全球城市都市中心的地標。這樣的新紀念性空間(new monumentality)雄偉耀眼的外貌,凸顯國際資本的迅速集中,卻同時隱藏了國際資本透過紀念性建築得以快速地排擠替換當地人民的生活空間的事實。

本文試圖以上海為例,討論浦東特區如何致力成為全球金融中心的都市發展過程,闡明全球化如何產生新的都市空間,以利資本流動。我將論證當代的全球城市是上海都市改建依從的模範,隨著浦東的重建,上海是個正在成形的全球城市。在上海全球化的過程中,我們不難發現在其他全球城市中觀察到的一個二元化的傾向,即是迎合資本流通所產生的城市空間一方面讓專業人士享有越來越多的權益,另一方面一般人民的日常生活空間卻一再被忽視。換句話說,當上海被各方人士稱頌為與倫敦、紐約、東京或香港並駕齊驅的全球城市時,被避重就輕的是全球化導致的種種社會衝突。

關鍵字:全球化、上海、全球城市

This paper attempts to elucidate how Shanghai's rise as a global city in the 1990s brings to light the production of such a global space and its problems. After China's open policy in 1978, with its glamorous past as a cosmopolitan city in the 1920s and 1930s, Shanghai emerged on the map of the nation and the world as the most promising member of the global club. Exploring the urban discourse and the actual development of Shanghai's transformation into a global city, I argue that Shanghai is made in the image of existing global cities such as New York, London, Tokyo and Singapore. The logic is that the built environment and the social structures of Shanghai have to be rebuilt before it can work as one of the centers of the global economy. We might say that Shanghai was not born as a global city as many claim with the city's cosmopolitan past as an evidence, but becomes one because of the ambition to attract capital flows. The process of remaking Shanghai into a global city shows how the capitalist space takes precedence and subjugates the lived space of local people's everyday life. Moreover, the uneven development as seen in other global cities cannot be overlooked in Shanghai's case: the rise of the new elite class including expatriates and local "successful people" parallels the marginalized "blind flow" of migrant workers flowing in from neighboring provinces. While copying the image of a global city as a success story to pass on, the urban planners or government officials downplay the dual city problem as we saw in those "role-models."

Keywords:globalization, shanghai, global city


性工作與現代性:現代自我的社會條件/甯應斌(53 民 93.3 頁 85-144)

性工作為何會(或不會)造成出賣自我與異化?這個問題其實可以回歸到「現代雇傭勞動或服務工作為何會(或不會)造成出賣自我與異化?」,這個更一般性的提問(這是黑格爾等人在雇傭勞動開始普遍化時期所關注的問題)。現代各類型的工作(特別是在發端期與非完熟期)也是充滿了工作者的自我被佔有、隱私被侵害、公私界限難以維持的異化風險。本文認為必須從社會互動而非抽象哲學的角度來理解這個「異化」或「自我的讓渡出賣」究竟是如何進行的;事實上,服務工作者或顧客的自我隱私被對方佔有,乃是透過實際的人際互動技巧來達成的,Goffman的學說在此提供了關鍵性的說明(細節將在本文的續篇〈再論性工作與現代性〉處理);因此本文的A部份提出了「性工作者如何在陌生人面前呈現自我?」這個Goffman式的問題意識。但是這樣的一種現代人際與自我現象還需要更廣泛的脈絡解釋,亦即,服務工作者與顧客雙方為何能夠在互動中維護私密自我與隱私、為何能夠動態地操作公私界限,乃是關乎現代社會的一些宏觀趨勢或結構性條件如何形成了現代自我。本文B部份則列舉了五類造就這種現代自我的現代條件或趨勢動力,由此一般地說明了現代性工作中自我問題的脈絡。就此而言,現代性工作之所以能夠不會造成自我讓渡,並非個別性工作個人的獨特性質,而是深刻地根植於(晚期)現代的社會條件與趨勢動力中。

關鍵字:性工作、現代性、自我、匿名、隱私、自我呈現、陌人氣、黑格爾、高夫曼、紀登思、森內特

Why or why not is selling one's sex alienating one's self? This question can be traced back to a more general question which Hegel and others were concerned when paid labor became prevalent, that is, Why or why not is selling one's labor power or service alienating one's self? Like sex work, various types of modern work, especially in their emerging stage or in their informal sector, are also full of risks of alienating one's self in the form of self being appropriated, privacy encroached, or boundary of intimacy violated. To understand exactly how the alienation of self in question proceeds, the approach of social interactions instead of philosophy is required. As my essay demonstrates, it is through the techniques of self-presentation during the actual human interactions that the private self of the service worker is appropriated by the customer, or vice versa. Hence, for this phenomenon of alienation of self, Goffman's writings provide the most relevant interpretive analysis, which will be detailed in a subsequent essay. The present essay in its first half nevertheless develops the issue of alienation of self into a Goffmanian problematic: How does sex worker present herself in work? However, this Goffmanian approach to the question of alienation of sex worker's self still needs to be located in a
wider context concerning the dynamics and structural conditions of the modern self and its formation. Thus, the second half of the essay situates the interactions and the boundary maintenance of modern selves in five kinds of modern conditions that also constitute the core elements of(late)modernity. The implication of this discussion is to show that sex worker's success in not alienating herself during the interaction is not due to personal idiosyncrasy, but deeply rooted in the conditions of modernity.

Keywords:Sex Work, Modernity, Self, Anonymity, Privacy, Self-Presentation, Impersonal, Hegel, Goffman, Giddens, Sennett


初論台灣泌尿科的男性身體觀/成令方、傅大為(53 民 93.3 頁 145-204 )

對於台灣男性的身體、身體意識、身體觀等,有很多的社會力量在角逐其發言權的位置。在這些社會力量中,一個積極而有充分自我意識的群體、同時也在經營與掌握「知識與醫學」的宣稱,就是台灣的泌尿科醫界及其醫生們了。特別是近十多年來,台灣的泌尿科醫師們,風塵僕僕的在各種社會領域中(醫院病房、醫學研究、報章、電視、八卦、笑話、大眾演講等等),不斷的努力經營,如今可說是成績斐然。本文以泌尿科主流的異性戀論述為討論範圍,企圖藉著三類資料,交錯探討與評論泌尿科醫師的「男性身體觀」:「威而剛」的知識現象與社會回響:I.I.E.F.的研究呈現的特色是「女性缺席」和「男性獨自面對生理反應」。泌尿科醫師口述訪談得出四個討論子題:男性的性焦慮。早洩、生物演化與女性主義論述。病史、性別政治與老男人的身體。泌尿專業的科技化。從五、六零年代至二十世紀末,大眾醫療論述中泌尿科醫師的男性身體觀。這是一個初步的討論,我們所使用的

討論觀點,大致上是從女性主義「醫療與性/別」、傅科「知識/權力/規訓」等觀點發展而來。文章的最後我們從三個方向提出理論的思考:醫療化與陽具中心主義雙人性身體「陽具勃起」科技的政略。我們提出需要把一切以「正常/病理」來看性身體的醫療觀點,減低到最少的地步。我們認為在異性戀關係中,性的身體需要雙人(而非“單獨個人的”)的獨特性風格。性身體的風格,最好都是一種雙人的品味與偏好,而不具有醫療上正常或病理的性質。我們對「威而剛」則有另類的看法,認為若放在「去醫療化」的另類視野中,它可以是一種特殊的「維他命」,成為高齡者、同性或異性戀者,發展多元「性風格」選擇中的一種。

關鍵字:性、性別、威而剛、醫療化、泌尿醫學、身體、男性氣慨

There are many social forces contesting for expressing voices on masculine bodies, male body awareness and male body images. Amongst them, urology and its physicians are the ones actively and consciously managing and dominating the claims for the knowledge and medicine of masculine bodies. Especially in the past decades, many urologists apart from attending clinics and doing medical researches have been busy with public activities, such as appeared on TV, writing for newspapers and popular books and giving speeches, their achievement have been remarkable. The study is focused on the heterosexual discourses promoted by urologists from three resources: (A) The urologist study of Viagra and its critiques. The study based on I.I.E.F. questionnaires contains two distinct features, 'absence of women' and 'men deal with their own physiological reaction'. (B) The views on physician-patients interaction based on interviews of four urologists. Four aspects are discussed: (1) the sexual anxiety men suffered. (2) premature ejaculation, biological evolution and feminist discourses. (3) history of illness, sexual politics and elderly male bodies. (4) the technoscien-zation in the profession of urology. (C) The popular writings by urologists from the 1950s to 1990s.

This preliminary study is analyzed from the perspectives of feminist critiques on medicine and Foucaultian knowledge/power/discipline. In the conclusion, we propose three theoretical aspects for further studies: (1) Medicalisation and phallocentrism (2) Sexual bodies in partnership. (3) The politics of phallo-technology. We propose that medicalisation which divided bodies into 'normal/abnormal' should be reduced to minimum level. Sexual bodies in heterosexual relations should be viewed in the context of partnership rather than in soleship. The style of sexual bodies should be treated as a preference rather than medicalised normality/abnormality. If we see Viagra in the context of demedicalisation, it could become a special kind of vitamin which can be used for developing alternative 'sexual style' by elderly, homosexual and heterosexual users.

Keywords:sex, gender, Viagra, medicalization, urology, body, masculinity


十五週年學術研討會基調論文之回應

回應之一:台社如何定位自己?/金寶瑜

回應之二:「民主左派」意味著什麼?/鍾瀚樞

回應之三:期待結盟與實踐的深化/王憶萱

回應之四:民主左派不能迴避省籍與統獨糾結/張素貞

回應之五:媒體邁向公共化,超克台灣後威權/傳播學生鬥陣

回應之六:反帝之必要/黃國治