《台灣社會研究季刊》 第54期：

編輯室報告

專題導言：醫學、帝國主義與現代性／李尚仁(54 民93.6 頁 1-17)

醫學史近年來在台灣已經成為一個相當有活力的研究領域，探討的主題涵蓋了從先秦到明清的中國傳統醫學史、民國時期的現代中國醫學史、日殖到戰後的台灣醫學史乃至歐洲醫學史。回顧這十餘年來的發展，成果最豐碩的還是中國傳統醫學史研究，不過對現代醫學史（history of modern medicine）的探討也出現了一些相當令人振奮的著作。然而，相較於傳統醫學史研究的自足與自成一格，台灣醫學史或清末民初的中國醫學史的研究雖然探討的議題有所重疊，像是現代醫學引進當地社會的過程以及國際強權或教會組織所扮演的角色等，但是截自目前為止這些研究之間還沒有出現共通的問題架構（problematic），把看似獨立分散其實有其內在歷史關連的一些研究議題關聯起來，進而勾勒出一個有助我們更寬廣深刻地理解這段歷史的大圖像（big picture）。

主題論文

衛生為何不是保衛生命？民國時期另類的衛生、自我與疾病／雷祥麟(54 民93.6 頁 18-60)

1930年代中國存在一組和西方衛生的大相逕庭的衛生論述與實作。在當時中國公共衛生的提倡者看來，這組「衛生」論述不諦是對衛生這個西方概念的誤解、濫用、甚至綁架，徒然延誤了公共衛生此一新事業在中國的開展，因而沒有任何正面的價值與歷史重要性。本文企圖正視這個歷史現象，初步勾勒這組以「保衛生命」為中心的衛生論述的具體內容，描繪它和西方Hygiene間的爭議與互相界定的過程，並探索它出現於二十世紀上半葉之中國的歷史過程和可能的意義。如果民國時期的「衛生」的焦點對象不止是身體，那麼這一組衛生論述又如何反應並形塑了中、西醫學交會時對「生命」（身體、心理、思想、情感、慾望、生活）的新理解、價值與體會？

關鍵字：衛生、身體史、肺癆、中醫

While Hygiene was translated into Chinese as Weisheng, (literally meaning "guarding life") during the Republican China, there existed an alternative discourse of Weisheng which was distinctively different from hygiene imported from the West. From the viewpoint of the advocates of public health in China,
this popular discourse of Weisheng was no less than an abuse or a hijack of the Modernist idea of hygiene. As the result, they saw no value of this popular discourse except for hindering the progress of the real public heath enterprise in China. This paper takes seriously this discourse and practice of "guarding life" and investigates how this alternative discourse took shape through a mutual definition between Western hygiene and traditional Chinese practice. The question is this: since this alternative hygiene was not about defending the body but rather about guarding life, how did it shape and reflect the new understanding, value, and comprehension of "life," including the body, the psyche, thoughts, emotion, desire, and the life.

Keywords:Hygiene, History of Body, TB, Chinese Medicine

熱、神經衰弱與在台日本人——殖民晚期台灣的精神醫學論述／巫毓荃、鄧惠文

本篇文章處理日據時代熱帶神經衰弱的問題，重點則是放在殖民末期精神科醫師對此問題的論述。神經衰弱各種不特定症狀，與熱帶生活經驗連結在一起，形成殖民地移住者對於自己身體與環境的特殊感受與詮釋，同時建構出『熱帶神經衰弱』以及『台灣木瓜』或『海南木瓜』等身體經驗與概念。無可避免地，低下的工作效率造成殖民地勞動力的困擾，普遍存在的身心病痛也會影響整個殖民地的民心士氣。更進一步地，當日本國內的學者與政治人物以氣候決定論、精神疾病素質理論與退化理論解釋這些病態現象時，熱帶神經衰弱成為民族素質受氣候影響而退化的表現。在這些論述中，殖民地移住者—無論是上層階級或是勞動階級—被描述為介於本國人民與原住民之間的二等國民與危險個體，在他們身上所出現種種身心變化則是帝國崩毀滅亡的前兆。對於中脩三等精神科醫師而言，他們正親身經歷熱帶殖民地生活，為熱帶神經衰弱所苦的患者都是與他們一同在殖民地奉獻心力的同事或同胞，此外他們還具有殖民政府官員的雙重身份。因此，這些充滿歧視與偏見的論述所激起的反彈，殖民地經濟文化資源的困窘，被祖國拋棄的恐懼，以及必須提出具體對策的使命感，必然都在他們架構熱帶神經衰弱論述的過程造成一定的影響。藉著從器質性與退化性轉向心因性的解釋模式，他們使熱帶神經衰弱變成一個可以理解，應被同情甚或尊敬，更重要的是，可以治療克服的疾病。

關鍵字：熱帶神經衰弱、殖民精神醫學、台灣史、中脩三、退化、森田療法、心因性疾病

Almost three-fourths of Japanese in Taiwan suffered from one or several vague somatic or mental symptoms attributable to tropical neurasthenia. Along with other epidemic and endemic diseases, neurasthenia in its tropical form was associated with administrative consideration of productivity, the discipline of colony labor, the quality of colonizer's life and health, and the cost-benefit of
colony policies. No less importantly, it aroused the fear for national degeneration. This negative sentiment manifested in common sayings like 'Formosan Papaya', which represented the contemporary disdain for the Japanese in Formosa as inferior nationals and dangerous to the national destiny. By shifting from somatic explanatory model and climate determinism to psychological model (Morita's theory and practice in particular), Japanese psychiatrists in Formosa repudiated both the degeneration theory and any plea for 'abandoning the southern colonies'. They instead emphasized the everyday reality and psychological difficulties experienced by the colonizers, especially those who possessed the highest of Japanese spirits. They suggested that the colony life helped preserve Japanese morals, such as perseverance and perfectionism. In so doing they criticized the contemporary extravagance and indulgence introduced by modernization to Japan proper. On the one hand, they demanded more investment of effort and resources from the government to mitigate the hard life in the colony. The psychiatrists, on the other, adopted the Morita therapy to discipline the 'sick' Japanese in Formosa in the name of spiritual and physical regeneration.

Keywords:tropical neurasthenia, colonial psychiatry, Taiwan history, Syuzo Naka, degeneration, Morita therapy, psychogenic disease

歸檔台灣醫療：初探醫師書寫的歷史與社會學／郭文華(54 民93.6 頁 105-148)

迥異於其他研究回顧，本文欲探討日益興盛，以醫師或醫療機構為描述對象的書寫。過去這些「非學術」的材料或被視為一手資料或素材，側身各種醫學史研究的腳註中，鮮少有人分析這些書寫的產出機制與社會功能。對醫師這個在台灣歷史與社會扮演特殊角色的團體，本文認為有必要對其所衍生的書寫加以歷史與社會面向的考察。

本文依論述脈絡分為三部分。首先本文指出醫師書寫中「書寫臺灣人醫師」與「臺灣醫師書寫」兩種產出機制。前者將臺灣醫師視為臺灣人知識份子的典型，書寫的目是為呼應更廣褒臺灣歷史的建構。後者則是相對私人性，因應其專業或職業文化需要所產生的文字。其次本文分析近年來這類書寫的兩個趨勢，專業文字工作者的參與與超越個人或團體，機構化歷史書寫的出現。不再如以往與臺灣論述緊密相連，也不再只對內發行，這種趨勢反應目前多元發聲的社會生態；醫師不再獨大，必須藉由歷史書寫來建構專業的自信與回應各界的挑戰。最後本文用「文本民族誌」的方式，以《臺灣外科醫療史》為例，具體解讀這波趨勢下醫師書寫的構成方式與性質。

關鍵字：醫師書寫、台灣、醫療史

This paper focuses on writings concerning Taiwanese physicians and medical institutes. These writings cover a wide range of material, and are often cited in related studies as primary sources. However, seldom are these works subjected to intellectual scrutiny. Considering the unique role of Taiwanese physicians in
history and society alike, an investigation is needed to comprehend how these writing are produced and what their intentions imply. My argument addresses the following: 1. There are in fact two kinds of writings regarding medicine in Taiwan by or about physicians before the mid 1990s, which I named respectively "writing on Taiwanese physicians" and "physicians' narratives." They are written by different people and serve different purposes. 2. Two recent trends-the involvement of humanity researchers or journalist, and the advent of histories specifically concerning medical groups or institutes—make "physicians' narratives" not just personal accounts of Taiwan and its medicine, but also an "archive-building" endeavor to restore and preserve the declining social status and respect medical professionals once enjoyed. 3. Using the latest
publication of this kind as an example, I will examine in detail the issues on how the "archive" was processed and what its characteristics are. Observing that more scholars are being invited to pen some of these writings and more materials are available for critique, this paper intends to call forth an awareness required while being involved in the production and circulation of such archives.

Keywords:physicians' narratives, Taiwan, history of medicine

問題與討論

誰的杜聰明？從科學家的自我書寫出發／許宏彬(54 民93.6 頁 149-176)

本文主旨，在於分析戰前杜聰明做為臺灣早期知名科學家的形象，如何透過種種相關的歷史書寫呈現。我首先將論證「臺灣名人」式的杜聰明書寫，由於過於依賴杜聰明自我書寫，因而也承繼了杜聰明將其研究侷限於實驗室中的敘述方式；這樣對科學家及其研究的書寫，則讓這些杜聰明立傳者錯失了從更寬廣的脈絡來詮釋杜聰明一生的可能，甚至導致一些有問題的描述。與此同時，參照近幾年臺灣科學史、醫療史的相關研究，我也將提出幾個重新思考科學家杜聰明其人、其研究的可能性，包括「國家社會外部脈絡」、「實驗室內日常操作」、「知識生產細部考察」、以及「科學研究與科學家性格」等等。這種種嘗試都試圖在科學家自我書寫外進行補充、修正、質疑甚至徹底改寫。但這並不代表我們必須全盤否定科學家的自我書寫。作為科學活動的直接參與者，科學家的記述自有珍貴的參考價值；然而從科學家的自我書寫「出發」，可以讓我們重新思考科學活動在現代社會所連結生成的種種效應，以及科學家作為一個「人」，在其中所扮演的角色。

關鍵字：阿片（鴉片）、杜聰明、林清月、科學家、醫院、實驗室、臺灣醫學史、日治時期臺灣、科技與社會

This essay centers around the analysis of the diverse contemporary images of Du Congming, the most famous scientist in Taiwan during Japanese colonial period. In the first part, I will argue that the popular hagiological writings of Du Congming, which on the whole unquestioningly rely on the self-writings by Du himself, are inclined to portray scientific research as the activity confined to the laboratory and therefore they draw some problematic conclusions. Instead, based on the recently fruitful research into the history of
medicine/science in Taiwan, I will suggest some alternative perspectives to reconsider the role of science and scientists in colonial period Taiwan, including the external contexts, the laboratory practices, the scrutiny of the production of scientific knowledge, and the personality of scientists. Being a personal participant in scientific research, the self-writings of scientist Du Congming undoubtedly is a valuable resource for our understanding of scientific activities; but departing from these self-writings, I try to locate these personal accounts and knowledge in their local positions and explore the political effect associated with and inspired by science in modern Taiwan. In the end, through a comparison between the two important opium researchers Du Congming and Lin Qingyue, I will characterize the importance of personality in scientific activities and try to appreciate their research not only in the laboratory but also in their daily lives. Scientists are not only scientists, they are also human beings, like you and I.

Keywords:opium, scientist, Du Congming, Lin Qingyue, scientist, hospital, laboratory, history of medicine in Taiwan, Japanese colonial Taiwan, STS (science, technology and society).

馬戲團、解剖室、博物館—黑色維納斯在法蘭西帝國／戴麗娟(54 民93.6 頁 149-176)

藉著「霍騰托維納斯」——一個在十九世紀初被帶到歐洲展示的南非女子——事例所揭露的零星史實，本文試圖回溯十九世紀法國人類學作為一門新興科學的操作脈絡，並且探討土著人種的刻板形象如何在學界、娛樂界、官方的相互推波助瀾下深植人心，成為殖民時期留下的知識遺產中極受批評，卻也極難超越的一部份。受到自然史作法的影響，發展中的人類學與人種研究以系列資料蒐集與分類、比較研究為主，逐漸形成一個以世界為範圍、以首都博物館為中心的長程資料蒐集網絡。博物館在此網絡中不僅是資料集中收藏的所在地，也是資料分析和理論出產的中心。博物館的陳列不僅是一種研究成果的發表，也是理論探索過程的一部份。研究者所選擇的陳列秩序與其物種分類的觀念有關。每一世界人種依其外部特徵在此資料庫的知識秩序中佔有特定的位置。而這樣的類型標本化也成為逐漸媒體化、企業化經營的土著人種展演之依據。這類土著展演的觀念和作法，乃至於以帝國博物館為資料中心所建立的長程網絡雖然在殖民時代得到相當助力，卻不因殖民事實的結束而消失。其影響力到今天仍然可見。

關鍵字：霍騰托維納斯、人種秀、法國人類學、帝國科學

By means of an initial focus on the case history of the "Hottentot Venus", the colored, South African human spectacle of 19th century Europe, this article reconstructs the practical context of French anthropology when it was still a new science, and shows how and in which places racial stereotypes that have
become the most prevalent and criticized part of the legacy of the colonial period were forged and diffused in the popular imagination by the continued interactions of scholars, government administrators and circus businessmen. Influenced by the practices of natural history, the developing anthropology concentrated on the collection of material and its classification, and also
comparative studies. For that purpose, long-distance networks were established and in which museums played a central role. Museums were the place not only for the display of research results but also for the elaboration of scholars' ideas regarding classification. In the conceptual order based on collection, each
ethnic type occupied a given place. This anthropological typification became the foundation that underlaid ethnic shows. Both the long-distance networks and the ethnic spectacles that profited from colonialism did not end with decolonialization, but instead, they continue to influence our vision about people of color and our academic activities even up to the present.

Keywords:Hottentot Venus, ethnic shows, history of French anthropology, imperial science

書評

評介《醫學、種族思想與國族認同》／李尚仁

一般論文

假名牌、假理論、假全球化／張小虹(54 民93.6 頁 219-252)

本篇論文嘗試從台灣仿冒市場出發，繪製「名牌仿冒全球化」的國際產銷地圖，企圖拉出其中歷史面向的慾望糾結，以凸顯東亞仿冒工業的「資本邏輯」如何隨著國際勞動分工結構／轉包體制的移轉而興起，以及仿冒工業的「文化邏輯」如何隨著西方帝國殖民文化想像下的歐美名牌意識而起舞。

論文分為三個部份去探討名牌仿冒品的全球流通：第一部份將以法國時尚名牌路易威登（Louis Vuitton）的皮件仿冒品為切入點，探討此名牌在由日本領航的「東亞名牌熱」中迅速竄起的經濟消費結構與歷史文化因素，第二部份將討論台灣名牌經驗中的雙重複製，以及台灣由生產名牌仿冒品到消費名牌與名牌仿冒品的過程，第三部份則企圖由此世界名牌在亞洲地區的消費脈絡，發展出「名牌仿冒全球化」下的「假」理論——「假」的無所不在、「假」的無中生有、「假」的無法分辨——以探討在名牌仿冒品全球同步流通下「假全球化」的可能操作模式。「假全球化」既是假冒也是假借，既凸顯精品名牌王國中央集權式的品牌併購與全球直營，也同時開展仿冒跨國離散的「黑色暗流」。

關鍵字：名牌、仿冒、商標、全球化、名牌熱、文化複製／再生產、全球名牌中心主義、仿冒跨國離散

This essay attempts to map out the global networking ofcounter-feit production and consumption by taking the historical and economic complication of fake logos in Taiwan as a point of departure. It traces not only the "capital logic" of the counter-feiting industry that duplicates the international division of labor structure, but also its "cultural logic" that creates the Euro-American superlogograms under the spell of Western imperialist ideology. The essay is divided into three parts to foreground the glocal circulation of fake logos. Part I takes the famous Louis Vuitton as a case study to explore the economic, historical and cultural formation of the logomania in East Asia piloted by Japan. Part II tries to discuss the double cultural reproduction of fake logos in Taiwan as both an imitation of Japan and an imitation of Japanese imitation of Europe. Part III seeks to theorize the fake in a new global way that would subvert the traditional view of counter-feiting by arguing that the fake logo has always already been the "dark flow" of the global capitalism that suppresses and creates, centralizes and disseminates its own fake.

Keywords:brand name, counterfeit, logo, globalization, logomania, cultural reproduction, Glogocentrism, fake dissemi-nation

歷史報告

我的野百合—一個1990年三月學運參與者的自我批評／陳信行(54 民93.6 頁 253-276)

1990年3月的「野百合」學生靜坐抗議，在之後的政治變遷歷程中，常被高舉為「純真無邪」的學生促成台灣民主化的一個關鍵時刻。本文作者以一個參與者的角度提出不同看法，認為三月學運事實上是1980年代學運中，主張以社會運動推向基進的「人民民主」的一翼的失敗。「人民民主」是在批判當時菁英領導的政治改革運動之中產生出來的反菁英主義的意識型態。然而，在歷史的侷限下，這個路線的實踐並沒有能夠改變1980年代台灣民主化的資產階級民主主調。

關鍵字：學生運動、人民民主、民粹主義、社會運動、台灣民主化、「野百合」學運

The "Wild Lily" student sit-in in March 1990 was often praised in the latter political transformation process as a crucial moment wherein the "pure and innocent" students facilitated democratization in Taiwan. From the perspective of a participant in the protest, the author argues that the sit-in was actually a failure of the "popular democratic" wing of Taiwan's student movement in the 1980s, who championed a more radical vision of democracy. The idea of "popular democracy" was an anti-elitist ideology arisen from critiques on the elite-led political reform movement. However, due to its historical constraint, practices along this line was unable to alter the bourgeois democratic character of 1980s democratization process in Taiwan.

Keywords:Student Movement, Popular Democracy, Populism, Social Movements, Democratic Transformation in Taiwan, the "Wild Lily" Student Sit-In

評論

渴望「正常資本主義國家」的八天：分析五家日報2004年總統大選後的新聞／馮建三