《台灣社會研究季刊》 第57期:

編輯室報告

一般論文

從女性影像探討個人電腦的居家化-以《PC home》雜誌廣告為分析對象/李明哲(57 民94.3 頁1-40)

個人電腦產品在台灣歷經十多年的銷售開拓,其市場定位已逐漸從工作場域轉為著眼於家庭使用。這一銷售定位的轉移,必須要使電腦產品在消費者的印象從高科技產品轉化為家電用品。從廣告的角度來說,什麼樣的象徵符號所代表的社會意涵可以用來改變消費者對電腦既定的高科技印象呢?女性影像的運用與電腦居家化的型塑之間,是否存在著可以解釋的關係呢?當「高科技」要搖身一變為「家用科技」時,廣告中女性的社會意涵會有著何種變化,以賦予「電腦科技」在家庭中所扮演之科技角色呢?本文試以電腦雜誌廣告為分析文本來探討個人電腦居家化的過程中,性別與科技居家化之間的關係;再者進一步從分析的材料中探討家庭的社會意涵產生了何種變化,使得廣告可以不斷探索女性與電腦關係上的新可能性,以融入「家庭」概念,成為家庭的一部分。

關鍵字:性別、居家、科技、個人電腦、廣告、影像

In the struggle to sell more personal computers into the market, recently the major position of marketing for PCs has changed from the work place to the domestic field. To make the change of marketing position?successful, the concept of the PC in consumers?mind should be transformed from the hi-tech?product to domestic technology. In advertising, what kinds of social symbols could be associated to persuade customers to reconstruct their stereotype about PCs? Could it be found in advertising that there is an explanatory connection between the use of female image and the domestication of PCs? In this paper, the advertising in the PC home magazine of Taiwan is analyzed to demonstrate the relationship between gender and domestication of computing technologies. Based on the result of the analysis, the author tries in advance to discuss how adverting is exploring new meaning to associate PCs with the home in the time of new families?

Keywords:advertising, domestication, gender, image, PC, technology


老T搬家:酷兒研究文化公民權之可能/趙彥寧(57期 民94.3 頁41-86)

奠基於超過十年的田野調查與深度訪談所得之資料,這篇論文試圖藉由分析中老年女同志(即文中所稱的「老T」)在當代台灣資本主義社會福利社會中的處境,以探究酷兒文化公民身分的意義。本文第一節回顧過去十年歐美與台灣相關學界的論述典範。第二節描述「老T」成長的背景、於1970年代進入勞動市場和同志娛樂產業的過程、以及其在公共領域中遭受恐同歧視的形式。第三節透過引述關鍵受訪者的經歷,以分析社福系統內在的異性戀親屬連保邏輯如何可以排除「老T」們的醫療權。第四節進一步分析前述連保邏輯的家戶性物質基礎,並申論華人社會同志研究的跨文化比較基礎。第五節則藉由部份受訪者過去四年瀕臨永久性失業的案例,以陳述全球化、國家權力、性/別認同與階級分疏在今日後現代化社會中的連結與危機。

關鍵字:酷兒、文化公民身分、全球化、家戶、資本主義社會福利體系

Over the past decade, two competing models have gained increasingly stronger currency in the field of queer studies: the model of globalization (or that of transnationalism) and the model of cultural citizenship. While problematizing the Euro-centric tendency inherent in the globalization scheme, the cultural citizenship model essentializes nonetheless a sense of cultural belonging which is nearly irreplaceable for any cultural queer.In the field of China Studies, scholars have prioritized unanimously the over-determining efficacy of the family(or patrilineal ideology? in molding queer identities. While recognizing the significance of patrilineal regulation in producing both straight and gay subjectivities in Chinese society, this paper is meant to be a critique of the family model as mentioned above. Based on ethnographic research with Taiwan's first generation of lesbians (i.e., lesbians growing up during the first decade of post-WWII era), it examines the material base upon which a typical Taiwanese family can be constructed—an analytical aspect that has been generally overlooked by queer and China scholars alike. It also takes into analysis the specific historical and political context of the 1950s to the 1970s—a period of time that is now commonly termed that of White Terror which penalized, among other things, transgender acts and cross-dressing.

Keywords:Queer, Cultural Citizenship, Globalization, Household, Capitalist Social Welfare System


熱帶風土馴化、日本帝國醫學與殖民現代性/范燕秋(57期 民94.3 頁87-132)

本文是有關殖民醫學的重要議題,主要探討十九世紀末、日本作為晚進的帝國主義國家,如何引介歐洲國家熱帶殖民經驗之中的「熱帶風土馴化」概念,以維護殖民者熱帶移住的健康,並運用相異的人種論述,強調優於歐洲國家的熱帶殖民能力。本文將「熱帶風土馴化」概念視為殖民者理解與控制殖民地的統治技術,它的功能一方面在界定、論述「異己」,另一方面在強化殖民者自我認同與殖民競爭力。

本文也指出:在台日人的「熱帶風土馴化」,歷經階段性的變化。日治初期,日人主要在調查、闡明台灣風土特性,並以駐台日軍為其主要的監測群體;同時,基於熱帶醫學的發展,所謂「風土」被區別為氣候與傳染病因素,並著重傳染病控制,使日人有效掌握風土馴化問題。1910年代以降,總督府轉而以在台日人子弟之發育概況為監測重點,並藉由學生身體檢查,強化科學的、數量的身體管理,證實「灣生」日本人的體格,是一種適應熱帶風土的發育類型。而且從「灣生」人數的穩定成長,顯示日本人熱帶風土馴化的進展。

本文的結論指出:19世紀以來,歐洲白人認為熱帶地區絕非其移住之地,若移住時間較長,將導致其人種的退化;相較而言,總督府宣示、證實在台日人風土馴化的成效,展現與歐洲人有別的熱帶殖民競爭力。而日本人之能展現熱帶風土馴化的成效,主要是憑藉熱帶醫學、熱帶衛生措施,以及日本人種混合論。

關鍵字:熱帶風土馴化、帝國醫學、熱帶殖民地、殖民醫學、殖民地人種論、灣生

This article discusses an important subject about colonial medicine. That is to analyze a later developing imperialistic country—Japan in the last period of 19th century how to introduce the experience of the European tropical acclimatization to protect the emigrants' Japanese health, and how to apply the different racial discourses to accentuate the ability of Japanese tropical colonization superior than the European. This paper point out the concept of tropical acclimatization was a kind of governmental technology to understand and control the colony. Its function of this concept was not only to define and discourse colonized the other, but also to consolidate self-identification of the colonizer and stimulate the colonial competition.

This paper also analyzes the tropical acclimatization of Japanese in Taiwan underwent some different stages. In the early period under Japanese Rule, Colonial Government paid attention to investigate or articulate the characteristic of Taiwan’s environment. And in order to monitor the conditions of Japanese acclimatization, Colonial Government took great concern with the health condition of Japanese army. In the meantime, depending on the development of tropical medicine, the environment was to be separated into two factors, climate and diseases. And because Colonial Government concentrated on controlling the diseases, effectively improve the problem of acclimatization. After 1910s, Colonial Government turned to discipline the healthy practices of Japanese teenager who because of born at Taiwan, was called “Wan-Sen”. Colonial Government applied the healthy investigation of the body at school to manipulate scientific and mathematic management of the body, and in the long run, demonstrated the constitutions of Wan-Sen to become acclimatizing tropical environment. From the stead growing of Wan-Sen’s population displayed the accomplishment of Japanese tropical acclimatization.

In conclusion, this paper points out, from 19th century, Europeans were afraid to immigrating to the tropics. They thought if staying there longer, there were probable to induce the degeneration of the race. Comparatively, Japanese in Taiwan announced and demonstrated the efficiency of tropical acclimatization, displayed their ability of colonial competition very differently. The efficiency of Japanese tropical acclimatization mainly depended on tropical medicine, measurements of tropical hygiene, and discourses of mixed race.

Keywords:tropical acclimatization, imperial medicine, tropical colony, colonial medicine, racial discourses, Wan-Sen


亞洲作為方法/陳光興(57期 民94.3 頁133-178)

相對於戰後台灣知識生產不斷深化「脫亞入美」的走向,本文提出「亞洲做為方法」的命題,其目的在於自我轉化,同時轉變既有的知識結構。它根本上的意涵在於:透過亞洲視野的想像與中介,處於亞洲的各個社會能夠重新開始相互看見,彼此成為參照點,轉化對於自身的認識;在此基礎上,能夠更進一步,從亞洲的多元歷史經驗出發,提出一種重新理解世界史的視野。

本文論辯從日常生活到學術的主要參考點、參考座標及認同對象移轉的必要性,將既有的「西方」、「美國」多元化,移轉到「第三世界」,及鄰近的「亞洲」,否則我們不只沒有跳出殖民主義以降的殖民認同邏輯,也沒有辦法清楚透過座標的移轉與比較來辨識「我們」的「自我」,永遠活在我們的想像認同對象之中。

在問題意識提出後,本文分成三大部分,由三組對話組成。第一部分首先處理長期存在的所謂「西方問題」,透過近期後殖民論述中面對西方的論述姿態及策略,點出向亞洲轉向是偏執於批判西方的出路。第二部份,企圖透過具體的問題,與Partha Chatterjee在印度脈絡中提出第三世界所浮現的新的「政治社會」空間對照,尋找新的理論起點,重新發現「民間」的概念並轉化成分析概念;這個部分的目的在於透過實際參照,初步地展示對話對象的移轉會產生什麼樣的新問題與新的可能性,以做為提出亞洲/第三世界做為一種方法實際操作的例子。第三部分展開亞洲做為方法的討論,主要在方法及理論的層次操作,通過與溝口雄三「做為方法的中國」為對話的起點,將討論集中在溝口所謂的基體論上,提出要掌握歷史變動中的基體,必須能夠讓亞洲中不同的基體得以相互參照,在參照過程中相互成主體性的一部分,來自我轉化。因此,「亞洲做為方法」不再只是將亞洲當成分析的對象,而意味著知識生產轉化的媒介,同時也是「自身」再發現/轉化的動力。在以上論辯的前提下,本文的結論提出台灣主體性定位的再思考,指出兩岸關係、華文國際與亞洲區域,其實正是全球化所依循的軌跡與形成的路徑;因此,台灣必須有意識地將自身放入這些多重的網路當中來自我定位。

關鍵字:亞洲、方法、民間、政治社會、基體、脫亞入美、溝口雄三

In confronting the long lasting impacts of leaving Asia for America (tuo-ya ru-mei) in the Post World War II Taiwan, this essay puts forward Asia as method as a critical proposition to transform the existing knowledge structure and to transform ourselves. Its bottom line implication is that, mediating through the horizon of Asia as an imaginary anchoring point, societies in Asia could begin to mutually see the existence of one another and become one another's reference points, so that the understanding of the self can be transformed, and subjectivity rebuilt. On this basis, to push one step further, historical experiences and practices in Asia can be developed as an alternative horizon or perspective, and seen as method to advance a different understanding of world history.

The argument must be placed in the context of a new global order after the 911 Incident. Various regional mechanisms have gradually emerged to counter US imperialism and global hegemony. In this process, the integration of Asia remains slow and informal. Asia as method is then a call for regional integration in Asia as a necessary mechanism to maintain global peace.

The paper is organized in the form of a series of dialogues. The first part deals with the question of the West? as it is rehearsed again in the postcolonial discursive strategies. Here, the essay confronts the historical question of the West and to pinpoint understandable but unnecessary obsession with the question of the west, and then point towards the imaginary Asia as a possibility to shift its referent point. In the second part, the essay tries to demonstrate what can be gained from this shift by engaging dialogue with Partha Chatterjee's recent proposed theory of political society? with reference to practices emerging in India, in that the analytical notion of min-jian which was a pre-modern term and is still operating in the mandarin Chinese speaking places, was rediscovered as a contemporary living space, intersecting but somehow excluded by the imposed concept of civil society? By analyzing how civil society has been translated as min-jian society, it argues that translation provides a means to conduct the re-investigation so that the organic shape and characteristics of local society and modernity can begin to emerge. The third part comes to the theoretical formulation of Asia as method? through dialogue with Misogugi Yozo's China as method? by focusing on his historical-ontological claim of a theory of base-entity?(ji-ti), which is closer to my own earlier attempt to work and re-work a geo-colonial historical materialism? in that we argue the necessity to capture the constantly changing base –entity, through which different base-entity in different locales in Asia could become the referent point of each other and become part of each other's subjectivity, so that the self can be transformed. Therefore, Asia as method ceases to look at Asia as object of analysis, but actually means medium to transform knowledge production, and the driving force of the rediscover and transforming of the self. The conclusion section comes back to the leaving Asia for America problematic and teases out the implication of Asia as method for Taiwan to reposition itself so as to reconstitute a critical subjectivity. It argues that Cross-Strait relation, Chinese International and Asia Regional are in fact the trajectories and routes of globalization, and Taiwan has to self-consciously place itself within these network of relations as its own self-positioning.

Keywords:Asia, method, political society, min-jian, base-entity, Partha Chatterjee, Mizoguchi Yuzo


問題與討論

台海上空的粉紅色幽靈/吳介民(57期 民94.3 頁219-234)

歷史的公共用途:認同與批判的殊途抉擇/錢永祥(57期 民94.3頁235-240)

召喚沈默的亡者:我們需要怎樣的國族歷史?/沈松僑(57期 民94.3 頁241-246)

對當前歷史研究與歷史教學的幾點看法/周婉窈(57期 民94.3 頁247-254)

 

評論

我們這一代人的世界想像/錢理群(57期 民94.3 頁255-274)

一場官司的誕生/何春蕤(57期 民94.3 頁274-287)