《台灣社會研究季刊》 第70期：

一般論文

紀實攝影與意義建構的去／脈絡化：兩個案例分析／郭力昕(70 民 97.06 頁 01-32)

在1980年代後期盛行於台灣的紀實攝影，是以西方寫實主義攝影的理念與實踐，做為影像介入政治社會的參考依據；而西方紀實攝影的理念基礎，則是建立在西方實證主義認識論應用於攝影上的一些主張。以見證的概念來紀錄社會的攝影實踐宣稱，「真實」可如是被再現，意義也從中準確產生。本文透過對《人間》雜誌「返鄉」專輯與《給台灣一個機會》這兩組紀實攝影作品的批判性分析，提出兩個論點：一、紀實攝影作品的意義建構，並非僅決定於影像文本，而常常是經由脈絡化或去脈絡化特定之攝影文本的效果而產生。二、1930年代普遍實踐於西方的紀實攝影，和1980年代的台灣紀實攝影，在社會與文化脈絡上大有差別；前者以理性／客觀主義等概念為基礎，試圖透過紀實攝影維護既有的政治社會結構，後者則以見證式的紀實攝影，召喚人民對當政者的憤怒情緒，試圖打破原有的秩序與結構。

關鍵字：寫實主義攝影、社會紀實攝影、實證主義、去／脈絡化、攝影話語、集體感性、理性主義

Social documentary photography has been enthusiastically prasticed in the second half of 1980s Taiwan, which is largely based on the notion and practice of Western realist photography as a way to engage in politics and society. And, propositions of social documentary photography are rooted in Western positivist epistemology, which claims that ‘reality’ can be represented by photography’s witnessing functions, and meaning thus produced. This paper examines two sets of photographic works from Ren Jian magazine and Give Taiwan a Chance, and argues that photographic meaning and political discourses are substantially constructed by contextualising the images in one case, and by de-contextualising it in the other. Further, the paper speculates on contextual differences in culture and society as seen in social documentary practices between the 1930s West and the 1980s Taiwan. While the former applies documentary photography in a rational, detached way to stabilise socio-political status quo, the latter uses it to summon a collective emotion against the state.

Keywords:realist photography, social documentary photography, positivism, de-/contextualisation, photographic discourse, collective emotionalism, rationalism

帝國搖旗，國族吶喊：棒球勞動國際分工與運動國族論述之轉變／劉昌德(70 民 97.06 頁 33-77)

美國職棒大聯盟（MLB）在台灣的勞動與消費市場，隨著旅美球員增加與優異表現，於2000年代中期前後快速擴張，構成了MLB在本地的「新文化勞動國際分工」（NICL）。此類全球跨國運動產業的形成，需要各地社會意識型態的搭配；近兩年台灣媒體再現中的「王建民現象」，正呈現出一種配合MLB擴張的「資本國族主義」論述。對比近年與過去的國際棒球賽事與旅外球員的媒體報導，發現此一論述的成形時間與台灣進入MLB的NICL生產方式約莫同時，而其內涵具有以MLB為中心、透過帝國之眼建構自身認同與棒球世界觀的特性，因而逐漸再結構為對全球資本帝國的協同、而非抵抗。

關鍵字：運動全球化、新文化勞動國際分工、資本國族主義、棒球、王建民

As a result of the increasing number and excellent performance of Taiwanese players at the Major League Baseball (MLB), the American professional baseball has successfully expanded its labor pool and market in Taiwan since the mid 2000s. The development of the global sporting industry by recruiting migrant elite athletes, which constitutes the “new international division of cultural labor (NICL),” requires the collaboration of mainstream ideology in various societies. This paper examines the formation of MLB’s NICL in Taiwan, and how the nationalist discourse embedded in the media’s coverage and online discussions of Chien-ming Wang in recent years has associated, rather than resisted, the growth of transnational sporting corporation. Compared to the traditional sporting nationalism represented by relating news reports in local newspapers during 1980s and 1990s, nowadays the discourse of “capitalist nationalism” in Taiwanese baseball has been transformed into a worldview through “imperialist eye” that regards MLB as the center or the highest arena and the unique measurement of baseball.

Keywords:globalization of sports, NICL, capitalist nationalism, baseball, Chien-ming Wang

台灣的街頭塗鴉文化／畢恆達郭一勤夏瑞媛(70 民 97.06 頁 79-120)

從廁所的情色塗鴉、風景區的到此一遊塗鴉、公車上的青少年立可白塗鴉，到變電箱上的簽名塗鴉，無論就出現地點、形式、內容而言，塗鴉都非常多樣，如何有系統地加以分類，以易於掌握與分析，一直是塗鴉研究者面對的難題。本文首先釐清塗鴉的基本形式，從歷史向度探討塗鴉發展的源流。由於塗鴉種類繁多，發展殊異，本研究只針對其中受到紐約地下鐵塗鴉風潮影響下的全球街頭塗鴉現象中的台灣街頭塗鴉，亦即有特定塗鴉社群、風格、規範，而在公共空間出現的街頭塗鴉進行分析。採用塗鴉者訪談做為主要蒐集資料的方法，輔以文本蒐集與現場觀察，以理解在台灣特殊文化脈絡下，就社會層面而言，街頭塗鴉如何從國外引入；而就塗鴉者個人而言，如何走上塗鴉之路；接著討論台灣街頭塗鴉的主要類型，彼此如何評價；台灣街頭塗鴉的特色，包括是否使用中文、以圖像取代簽名、街頭的意義等；最後總結台灣塗鴉者為何甘冒違法之險，持續走上街頭塗鴉。

關鍵字：街頭塗鴉、嘻哈文化、都市空間、抵抗

Graffiti could be found in different spaces, like toilets, buses, parks, electric boxes, etc. The subjects of graffiti include romantic love, sex, names, politics, and humor. How to categorize graffiti with such complicated characteristics draws a lot of attention of researchers. In this paper, we first try to clarify the basic forms of graffiti and examine the developmental trends of graffiti from historical perspective. Since there are various kinds of graffiti with different developments, this paper only focuses on the street graffiti which belong to a global graffiti phenomenon and are influenced by New York subway graffiti movement. Based on interviews of graffiti writers and observation notes, we try to understand, in the specific Taiwanese culture, how street graffiti was introduced to Taiwan, how graffiti writers develop their career, the major types and characteristics of graffiti in Taiwan, and the meaning of writing on streets.

Keywords:street graffiti, hip-hop culture, urban space, resistance

空間規劃和論述的政治：對珠江三角洲城市化戰略的反思／柏蘭芝(70 民 97.06 頁 121-164)

本研究是對珠江三角洲城市化戰略的政治經濟學分析。過去二十年，在改革開放上先走一步的珠江三角洲經歷快速的農村工業化過程，成為中國最重要的製造業中心。珠三角以鄉鎮為核心、分散發展的積累模式，雖然生機蓬勃，卻也造成勞動條件惡劣、環境惡化等問題。在1990年代後期，珠三角的積累模式漸露疲態。面對日漸激烈的區域競爭，珠三角提出了21世紀的城市化戰略，以加快城市化為突破口，意圖改善投資環境，尋求區域的升級和再發展。從2000年開始，廣東省出臺了一系城市化的政策，積極促進珠三角的區域整合，並且推動農村土地制度和股份制的改革以支援城市化戰略。本文首先分析1990年代末開始現代化和城市化論述的轉向。接著仔細解讀珠三角的城市化戰略，分析其政策制定和執行的過程，揭露這些空間規劃和區域整合的意識形態和政治作用。最後，本文指出珠三角新的城鄉矛盾其實是本地居民和外來人口的矛盾，而非本地農業部門和工業部門的矛盾。而將上千萬外來人口排除在外的各種規劃和政策，又如何能成為帶區域轉型的藥方？

關鍵字：城市化、現代化、珠江三角洲（珠三角）、廣東、規劃、區域、政治

This paper is a political economic analysis of the Pearl River Delta’s urbanization strategy for the 21st Century. The PRD, as the frontier of China’s opening and reforms, has experienced rapid rural industrialization in the past two decades. The decentralized development of towns and villages in the PRD, although full of dynamism, also creates serious social and economic problems. The development model of the PRD has been challenged in increasingly fierce regional competition since the mid-1990s. Entering into the new millennium, the PRD has proposed an urbanization strategy to improve the investment environment and promote regional redevelopment. The Guangdong Provincial government has been aggressive in forging pro-urbanization policies, enhancing regional integration, and promoting reforms of the land system and rural collectives to facilitate urbanization. This paper begins by pointing out certain crucial changes in the discourse of modernization and urbanization in China. Through a political economic analysis of the PRD’s urbanization policies and its decision-making and implementation process, this paper goes on to demonstrate the political and ideological function of spatial planning and regional integration in the PRD and beyond. Finally, this paper questions the conceptualization of these spatial strategies: strategies which from the very start exclude from consideration the millions of migrant workers, or ‘floating populations’ inhabiting the region.

Keywords:urbanization, modernization, Pearl River Delta（PRD）, Guangdong Province, planning, region, politics

從城市「中心」到「邊緣」的「上海人」：上海市中心區拆遷戶棲居歷程之研究／宋郁玲、姜蘭虹(70 民 97.06 頁165-212)

本研究主要在分析上海拆遷戶的地方感——上海的「中心」與「邊緣」概念，如何在被拆遷居民拆遷的歷程中轉換，並且他們又是如何透過地方感的轉換過程來強化「上海人」的身份論述。研究的目的在呈現後社會主義中國大都市的快速發展下，這些受影響的拆遷戶在拆遷歷程中的處境，以揭示在學術討論中易被忽略的另一中國都市生活面貌。筆者於2004與2005年在上海中心城區對10位（2001年以後被動遷）動遷居民進行深度訪談（包括回訪），並以詮釋現象學的知識論基礎進行話語分析（conversation analysis）。
研究發現，市場經濟注入中國後，大城市的「仕紳化」現象逐漸浮現，並使得大城市的居民在各種形式的都市更新下從原本居住的市中心區向外環搬遷。拆遷戶透過「矛盾」與「無奈」的系列論述來描繪拆遷過程中的經驗與感受。而「現在的邊緣，未來的城市中心」這個論述是拆遷歷程地方感的總合，意味著拆遷戶透過在上海多次搬遷的經驗，以及對上海未來發展的憧憬來詮釋他們搬遷後的地方甚或是整個上海的變遷。此外，這個論述也強化了他們儘管是在「不捨」與「接受」的拔河中搬離城市中心位居邊緣，但由於「中心」可以不斷在「邊緣」複製，並成為未來的中心，因此他們還會是位居「中心」的上海人。

關鍵字：拆遷戶、地方感、中心、邊緣、上海、話語分析

This research mainly aims to analyze how the sense of “center” and “periphery” of Shanghai changes among displaced residents in Shanghai during the process of urban demolition, and how their identity of “Shanghai people” are strengthened in the process. The objective of this study is to present the condition of these displaced residents who are affected by the rapid development in post-socialist China, and to add another easily-ignored dimension in the study of urban life in China. Fieldwork, which included initial and follow-up interviews of displaced residents in the central district of Shanghai, was conducted in the summers of 2004 and 2005 by the first author. Ten residents who were displaced after 2001 responded to her ethnographic interviews. Conversation analysis which was based on the foundation of hermeneutic phenomenology, was implemented to grasp the dynamics of everyday life experiences of these displaced residents.
Findings of this research show that gentrification has forced residents to move from the central district to the suburb after market economy was introduced to urban China. Displaced residents present their experiences and feelings in the process of demolition as discourses of “to move or not to move” and “having no choice”. However, “the periphery now becomes the center of the city in the future” is a general discourse showing the sense of place of displaced residents. This sense of place is constructed by the displaced residents with moving experiences and the dreams of Shanghai that reflects their perception of new places and the views of a changing Shanghai in the process of demolition. Moreover, the discourse makes them believe that they are still the real “Shanghai people” although they have moved to the periphery of the city, because the “center” can be replicated constantly in the city periphery. Eventually, they are still the “Shanghai people” who are living in the “center”.

Keywords:displaced residents, sense of place, center, periphery, Shanghai, conversation analysis

問題與討論

東亞視角的認識論意義／孫歌(70 民 97.06 頁 213-244)

中國社會既定的三種東亞視角具有一個共同特徵，就是其高度抽象性。這使得它們具有某種脫離歷史的靜態性質，從而無法處理歷史過程中的種種差異，也無法應對歷史的流動性。
在現代歷史過程中，東亞社會存在著顯著的不均衡狀態。這種不均衡狀態突出地表現為東亞論述在東亞地區不同社會裏並不具有同等的思想功能。
形成東亞不同社會之間歷史差異的一個重要的因素是冷戰。一方面，東亞是美蘇在冷戰時期的重要戰場，這意味著東亞論述難以無視冷戰歷史；另一方面，東北亞部分區域恰恰又在抗衡冷戰結構的意義上履行了自己的歷史功能，這意味著東亞論述與冷戰視角並不一致。

關鍵字：東亞視角、非均衡狀態、冷戰、歷史視野

The common characteristic of the three existing perspectives on East Asia is its high abstraction. This static character cannot account for the differences in the historical dynamics.
In the process of modern history, East Asian societies exist conspicuously unbalanced condition, which makes discourses on East Asia bear different intellectual functions in different societies.
One of the factors which shape historical differences in East Asian societies is Cold War. On the one hand, East Asia is a main battlefield for the struggle between US and USSR, with a result that discourse on East Asia cannot be indifferent to history. On the other hand, parts of East Asia perform its own historical function in opposing the structure of the Cold War; therefore discourse on East Asia cannot be the same as the Cold War world view.

Keywords:East Asia word view, unbalanced conditions, Cold War, historical perspective

記憶之戰：全球化時代民族記憶的裂變、縫合及其性別／任佑卿(70 民 97.06 頁 245-271)

台社論壇

「大學開門三件事：應付評鑑、擔心退場、賣力招生？」／小專輯編案吳挺鋒(70 民 97.06 頁 273-275)

標準化大學教育之下的「底層」憂鬱／王之相(70 民 97.06 頁 277-280)

高教評鑑中之怪現象／何東洪(70 民 97.06 頁 281-284)

刀口上的高等教育改革／吳挺鋒(70 民 97.06 頁 285-291)

在地自主發展或單一化管理／周芬姿(70 民 97.06 頁 293-303)

學術歧視與教育異化／曾建元(70 民 97.06 頁 305-315)

大學評鑑與勞力密集教育產業的關係／翁裕峰(70 民 97.06 頁 317-324)

一場唐吉軻德與大風車的戰爭／劉兆隆(70 民 97.06 頁 325-333)

性、警察、互聯網：陳冠希艷照門的社會攻防／何春蕤等(70 民 97.06 頁 335-378)