《台灣社會研究季刊》 第128期：

【一般論文】

如何以異性戀常規行事：一個晚近社會主義中國「小地方」的親密倫理研究／趙彥寧（128民113.8 頁1-44）
貌似霸權性的道德秩序不僅與階級等諸多既存社會分類、經濟模式與在地物質條件緊密扣連，也是日常生活中微觀倫理協商、想像、揣測等活動而生的社會產物，而經由親密關係的倫理實作，尤可展現社會變遷與在地常民情感展現、自我認同、關係締結、和認知世界之模式間的辯證性關係。本文以異性戀常規性這個文化道德霸權為問題意識，由「結婚」這個社會實作切入，以試圖呈現上述社會樣貌。本研究的田野調查地點為蘇南四線城市「永安」（化名），結論處也指出，類似在地常民兼具客觀定義（即相對於上海的地理學尺度）和主觀感受的「小地方」，實為研究晚近社會主義中國國家／社會／個人之關係模式的理想場址。
關鍵詞：道德秩序、親密關係、倫理實作、社會變遷、異性戀常規性、晚近社會主義中國
Moral orders often seem to be hegemonic, and therefore totalizing. In actuality, however, not only are they interlinked closely with cultural divisions, economic modes, and material conditions of the given society, moral orders are social products of ethical negotiations, imaginations, and conjectures in everyday life as well. In addition, how local people manage to conduct intimate relationships in an ethical way reveals the dialectical relationship between social change, affective connection, and self-identification. With heteronormativity as an analytical entry point, this paper attempts to demonstrate the ways in which residents of “Yongan,” a fourth-tier city in Southern Jiangsu Province, try to behave ethically regarding marital issues. It concludes with the argument that “small places,” to use Yongan informants’ own term, should be deemed by researchers as ideal ethnographic sites of studying the links between the state, the society, and the individual in late-Socialist China.
Keywords: moral order, intimate relationship, ethical practices, social change, heteronormativity, late-Socialist China

看得見與看不見的女性貢獻：台灣營造業勞工碑的性別分析／顧玉玲（128民113.8 頁45-86）
女性的勞動付出經常被結構性地忽視，慶祝工程成就沒有她們的位置，悼念勞動犧牲也輪不到她們出場。本文全面清查台灣營造業的勞工碑，保留多少女性勞動者的身影？分析的文本，除了史料、碑文、檔案、新聞報導等書面資料，還包括實地探勘、現場查踏所見的紀念碑材質、設計、與空間配置。以現今的性別與勞動視框，回溯當年工地現場的政經背景，建構複雜多元的勞動樣貌。
台灣營造史百年來，只有三座勞工碑看得到被紀念的女性：1930年的「嘉南大圳殉工碑」，將員工家屬的病歿者納入；1992年的「南迴鐵路殉職員工紀念碑」，首度出現女性工殤者的姓名；2007年的「台北101伙伴碑」有數千名女性參與者列名，打破性別分工的刻板印象。看不見的女性犧牲，以兩個官方設立的工殤碑再現了社會的性別偏見：2003年建於高雄市的「全國工殤紀念碑」，碑文強調工殤是男性犧牲、女人小孩流落街頭；2007年於台北市破天荒出現「外籍勞工工殤紀念碑」，在亡者名單的收集上卻僅見享有勞保、列入重大職災統計的男性移工，而排除以女性為主的家務移工。找尋勞工碑的女性身影，既是重構勞動歷史，也是肯認女性貢獻，與當代社會對話。
關鍵詞：勞工紀念碑、性別分工、職業災害、集體記憶、公共空間
The labor contributions of women are often systematically overlooked, with their presence absent in celebrations of engineering achievements and their sacrifices unacknowledged in memorials. This article comprehensively examines memorials in the Taiwanese construction industry to uncover the representation of women’s labor. The analysis involves various textual sources, including historical records, inscriptions, archives, and news reports, as well as on-site surveys to study memorials’ materials, designs, and spatial configurations. Through a contemporary gender and labor lens, the article explores the political and economic contexts of construction sites in the past, constructing a nuanced and diverse picture of labor.
In the hundred-year history of Taiwan’s construction industry, only three worker memorials visibly commemorate women: the “Wusanto Reservoir Martyrdom Memorial” in 1930, which includes family members who died of disease while living in the employee’s dormitory; the “Southern Circuit Railway Worker Memorial” in 1992, the first to display the names of female workers sacrificing their lives because of occupational injuries; and the “Taipei 101 Partner Memorial” in 2007, which lists thousands of female participants, breaking stereotypes associated with gender roles in construction industry. The invisible sacrifices of women are brought to light through two officially established worker memorials, reflecting societal gender biases: the “National Mourning Memorial” erected in Kaohsiung in 2003 emphasizes male sacrifices, portraying women and children as left vulnerable and facing hardship on the streets; in 2007, the groundbreaking “Foreign Workers Memorial” in Taipei City features only male migrant workers with labor insurance coverage, excluding female domestic workers. The search for the presence of women in worker memorials serves not only to reconstruct labor history but also to acknowledge women’s contributions and engage in a dialogue with contemporary society.
Keywords: worker memorials, gender division of labor, occupational injuries, collective memories, public space

期望、管教與風險：兒少保護介入家長體罰之建制民族誌分析／程婉若（128民113.8 頁87-138）
為實踐聯合國《兒童權利公約》中兒少免受體罰及其他不人道處罰之理念，台灣修訂《兒童及少年福利與權益保障法》，建置兒少保護介入專業服務，卻面臨受通報家長對介入的不配合。兒少保護政策自上而下推動，缺乏家長的經驗與觀點，亦無相關研究探究家長不配合的原因。本研究是以因體罰孩子被通報之家長教養實作為立足點、建制民族誌為方法學，從他們接受兒少保護介入服務的經驗出發，探究強調降低兒少再次受害風險的保護體制如何透過文本進行親職治理及其中的社會權力關係。研究結果顯示，時代教養論述的改變及家長認為兒少保護錯誤對焦，導致斷裂經驗。家長在與子女溝通無效後的體罰管教，目的不僅在預防孩子觸法，還期待他們走在正軌，更存在維持或翻轉社經階層的期望。兒少保護建制採取中產階級、雙親家庭的教養標準，中產階級家長因其階級秉性易受建制所相信；勞動階層家長因資源不足和經濟現實發展出不同教養模式，建制以「缺乏管教知識」或「習於體罰」等簡單分類，忽略親職教養和管教係鑲嵌在社會文化脈絡及家長之社會處境。問題界定和保護觀歧異，使家長與兒保建制處於對立面，建制「風險中的兒少」敘事製造風險中的父母，家長不再體罰並非為建制馴化，而是為自我保護而不想再管或轉換成不帶傷痕的體罰形式。文末依研究發現提供專業政策與服務實作建議。
關鍵詞：體罰、兒少保護、風險、期望、親職教養、社經階層、建制民族誌
To align with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which aims to protect children from corporal punishment and other degrading forms of punishment, Taiwan has amended “The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act” to enhance its child protection framework. Despite all the efforts, parents reported for corporal punishment often demonstrate reluctance to cooperate with the Child Protective Services (CPS) interventions. Given the predominantly top-down implementation of CPS policies in Taiwan, there is a notable lack of empirical studies exploring the perspectives of parents receiving these services, thereby making it difficult to identify factors contributing to their non-cooperation. This study, taking a standpoint of parents involved in the CPS due to uses of corporal punishment, adopts institutional ethnography as the methodology to explicate governance of the CPS interventions to parenting practices through texts and to examine social power relations embedded within them. The findings reveal that evolving parenting discourses and parents’ perceptions of CPS misdirecting the problem contribute to significant disjunctures. Parents resort to corporal punishment as a final measure when communication with their children fail. The primary intent of parental corporal punishment is not only to prevent legal infractions by their children but also to ensure them remain on a trajectory aimed at maintaining middle-class status or moving up on the social ladder. The study highlights that the parenting ideologies promoted by CPS are aligned with middle-class child-rearing practices, resulting in greater trust from the system towards the middle-class parents. In contrast, the working-class parents develop parenting strategies suited to their social circumstances characterized by limited resources and financial challenges. Evaluative labels such as “lack of parenting knowledge” and “accustomed to corporal punishment” fail to acknowledge the socio-cultural contexts in which parenting and disciplinary practices are embedded. The divergence in the perspectives of problem and protection between the parents and the CPS creates an adversarial dynamics. The institutional narrative of “child at risk” inadvertently construct a parallel “parent at risk” scenario. The parents’ cessation of corporal punishment is driven not by compliance resulting from the CPS interventions but by self-protection, either via taking a more hands-off approach to discipline or shifting to other forms of physical punishment that do not leave marks on skin. Implications for the policy and professional practice are then provided.
Keywords: corporal punishment, child protective services, risk, anticipation, parenting, socioeconomic status, institutional ethnography

【研究紀要】

是消逝還是轉變：都會區擴張下的當代客庄／蔡侑霖（128民113.8 頁139-175）
位於新竹縣樹杞林鎮外五里地區的Erzhong聚落，是深受風城科學園區影響的代表性客庄，此一地區可能為考察當代客家都市生活上提供一個饒富意涵的案例。在客家研究上，文獻上持續認為客家族群與農村的關係相較於其他漢人深厚，研究者亦強調客家族群「耕讀傳家」的重農文化觀以及不輕易出售農地與相關的道德規約。在這樣的研究傳統下，當代客家人群似乎主要在農村現身，至於都市生活的部分則被放置在城鄉移民脈絡中加以理解，易言之，當代客家人群的都市生活是移民至都會區後才發生的。再者，在城鄉移民的研究架構下，學者們關心的是客家族群認同與語言傳承的問題。然而，以城鄉移民為基調的分析忽略許多住居及生活在都會區的客家人並非透過遷移歷程，而是都會區擴張的結果，並假定當代客家族群具有同質性。Erzhong聚落正提供一個在地客家聚落面對快速都市化與大量外來人口移入的案例，展現原本以傳統客家聚落血緣及地緣網絡人群為主的在地組織，如何經驗都市的擴張以及新都市計畫。在地客庄透過文化再創造的實作，包含創意花鼓隊、山歌班等客家文化活動，以及轉化伯公信仰，在社區營造開展的脈絡下，結合社區營造及客委會的政策與資源，逐漸融入一些在科學園區早期遷入並已經在地化的人群，嘗試在都市化變遷與在大量人群湧入的情境下，以利客家文化之維繫。
關鍵詞：都市客家、當代客庄、客家、客家文化、社區
The Hakka studies traditionally tend to emphasize the norms and cultural value regarding farming and farmland of the Hakka people, and assert that the bond between the Hakka people and the farming rural area is much closer comparing to the other Han people. It seems that the urban life of the Hakka people only takes place after their migration to the city. As a result, when discussing the urban Hakka settlements, scholars oftentimes adopt the rural-urban migration perspective, focusing on the decline of Hakka identity, the challenge of cultural heritage, and the endangering Hakka language. Such a viewpoint, however, neglects that fact that many Hakka people nowadays live in the urban area because of the expansion of city borders rather than the rural-urban migration. It, moreover, assumes an essential homogeneity among contemporary Hakka people. The Erzhong community, located on the outskirt of the Zhudong Township, Hsinchu County, serves as an example to rethink the urban life of contemporary Hakka people. Encountering rapid urbanization and immigration of new settlers due to the growth of the Hsinchu Science Industrial Park, the Erzhong’s Hakka settlement traditionally based on kinship and local network has experienced urban expansion and the coming of new urban planning. Its community organization assembles resources from the Community Empowerment/Development Project and the Hakka Affairs Council and collaborates with some early localized settler to cope with the new urban conditions. By cultural recreation such as the transformation of traditional Land God religious practices, the Hakka people living in Erzhong have endeavored to carry out their cultural heritage.
Keywords: urban Hakka, contemporary Hakka settlement, Hakka, Hakka culture, community

【左異聲響】
同志國族主義在台灣

編按／黃道明（128民113.8 頁177-180）
省籍路徑民主化的跨代延長：同志國族主義在台灣／王顥中（128民113.8 頁181-193）
同性婚權運動中的異見／郭彥伯（128民113.8 頁195-219）