《台灣社會研究季刊》 第59期:

編輯室報告

主題論文

從反對人口販賣到全面社會規訓:台灣兒少NGO的牧世大業/何春蕤(59 民 94 頁 1-42)

在這篇論文中,我嘗試追溯台灣1980年代針對原住民雛妓而形成的反對人口販賣論述,是如何在解嚴前後的社會空間裡串連出不同的特殊焦慮和關切,並隨著社會變遷而衍生重大的意義變化和權力操作。我將指出這個在台灣歷史時空變化過程中逐漸喪失針對性的反對人口販賣論述,是如何利用社會變遷來建構其禁色的牧世大業,因而形成一個強大的、包藏著「全球治理」眼界的社會規訓網絡。

關鍵字:人口販賣、雛妓、規訓、全球治理、兒少團體、賣淫、性工作、非政府組織、援交、牧世權力

In the present paper, I trace the historical process of transformation through which the anti-trafficking discourse, understood in the Taiwanese context as the eradication of a specific form of underage aboriginal prostitution in the 1980s, came to articulate different sets of anxieties and interests in Taiwan in its post-martial-law era. I also trace the process of how, as the anti-trafficking cause quickly lost its relevance in the fast changing social reality of Taiwan, the pastoral project of the child-protection NGOs has now reconstituted itself into an intricate web of social discipline that embodies " vision of global governance."

Keywords:human trafficking, child prostitutes, social discipline, global governance, child-protection, NGO, prostitution, sex work, enjo-kosai, pastoral power


社福資源分配的戶籍邏輯與國境管理的限制:由大陸配偶的入出境管控機制談起/趙彥寧(59 民 94.9 頁 43-90)

以內政部警政署入出境管理局為業務代表的台灣國境管理機構,歷來對大陸配偶多採施恩復以種族歧視的態度。在這些機構裡,大陸配偶被理解為利用婚姻的途徑入境,以竭力掠奪台灣的社會資源,且因其傳承母國社會與文化的卑劣性,勢必單線性地惡質化台灣的社會條件。社會福利的分配邏輯隱然成為此類種族歧視的支撐基礎。這篇論文藉由大陸配偶的個案,以試圖探究現代社會中國境管理、資本主義社福體系與種族歧視間的互相建構關係。透過分析法規以及對各層級國境管理者的訪談資料,此文指出戶籍登記制度是理解這個問題的關鍵。戒嚴時期實行的戶警合一制度強化了威權國家管控人民的合法性,在後解嚴時期戶警分離的狀況下,戶籍制度日漸成為社福資源分配的基礎,而諸如戶口查察等廣被認為侵犯公民權力的制度,卻仍施行於大陸人士以及特別是大陸配偶身上。本文最後指出以戶籍制度為基礎的社福分配機制往往強化了本國既存的階級分化,而在全球化的時刻,藉由戶籍以控制外來移民的手段也難以成效。

關鍵字:國境管理、大陸配偶、種族歧視、社福資源、戶籍制度

Taiwan's border-control mechanism, as represented by the Council of Immigration, has been particularly discriminating against Mainland Spouses in a patronizing fashion. These people have been normally understood as heartless usurpers of Taiwan's social-welfare resources through the seemingly legal means of transnational marriage. In addition, they are conceptualized by the mechanism of border control to be innate with features of socio-cultural inferiority naturally produced by China, a country thought to be both economically and culturally behind Taiwan. Through the case study of Mainland Spouses, this paper attempts to analyze the relationship between border control, capitalist social-welfare system, and racism against immigrants from China. Based on analysis of legal codes and in-depth interviews of agents of border control, it points out the crucial significance of the system of household-registration—a system that reinforced the legitimacy of the State during the Martial-Law era before the year of 1987, and the one that has been deepening class divisions as the primal basis of distributing social-welfare resources thereafter.

Keywords:Border Control, Mainland Spouses, Racism, Social-Welfare Resources, Household Registration


社區照顧的再省思:小型化?規格化?產業化?/王增勇(59 民 94.9 頁 91-142)

本文嘗試回顧社區照顧在過去二十年台灣社會福利發展中經歷的多次更迭,試圖從社區照顧的多元論述扣合到台灣近年社會福利的政治經濟演變脈絡中重新理解,希望提供社區照顧未來發展新的可能性。本文採用Fraser的需求詮釋政治為理論架構,以論述分析作為研究方法。文中將社區照顧分為「小型化」、「規格化」、「產業化」指稱三種分別以經營規模、行政管理、與市場經濟為基調所發展的論述型態,並以關鍵政策與事件為例,說明社區照顧在地演變的歷史軌跡。

文末呈現被目前這三種主流社區照顧論述所排除的實踐經驗。相較於小型化論述,黃嬡齡在近三千床的玉里榮民醫院所嘗試推動的「治療性社區」,將台灣社會、玉里鎮、醫院分別視為精神病患的「社區」,視社區為對精神疾病有共同生活想像的人群。相較於規格化行政管理,張紅雅在台北內湖建立的「陽光廚房」,拒絕依照行政邏輯將社區民眾分隔為婦女、青少年、與老人的行政/專業類屬,建構彼此互助的生活圈。相較於產業化,黃盈豪在台中縣和平鄉泰雅部落推動的「共同廚房」,以恢復原住民互助共食傳統,透過傳統以物易物、換工的方式,將部落居民的照顧需求加以「去產業化」。這些案例的共通性在於凸顯目前社區照顧論述忽略了建構共同生活想像的社區化過程,回歸需求者的在地生活中重新思考專業的介入與國家政策,或許是社區照顧重新出發的起點。

關鍵字:社區照顧、市場化、管理主義、論述分析

This paper tries to review the discursive shifts of community care policy in Taiwan and examine the dialectic relationship between the discursive shifts and the political economy of social welfare in order to gain insight into why the current development of community care is the way it is now. This article adopts Nancy Fraser's concept of the politics of needs interpretation as theoretical framework and discourse analysis as research method. Three major discourses, community care as down-sizing, as normalization, and, as marketization are identified, which define community care in terms of service organization, ways of understanding care that make care manageable by the state, and care as a profit-making market.

Excluded discourses by these mainstream discourses on community care are identified to point out future possibilities for community care. Examples that illustrate such possibilities are presented, which include the therapeutic community project in Yu-Li Veteran Psychiatric Hospital, the community co-op kitchen in Ho-Ping aboriginal tribe, and the Sunshine Kitchen in Taipei City.

Keywords:community care, marketization, managerialism, discourse analysis


一般論文

現代性、宗教、與巫術:一個地方廟公的治理技術/李丁讚、吳介民(59 民 94.9 頁 143-184)

現代性與民間信仰構成一種弔詭。一方面,現代化提升理性,對宗教信仰,尤其是民間信仰會有壓制之作用。但另一方面,隨著現代性的進程,我們又看到各種民俗信仰似乎有增無減。本研究援用傅科「治理性」的概念,嘗試解釋現代性與民間信仰之間的弔詭。簡單地說,我們認為台灣在1970年代當社會邁向現代化時,包括民間寺廟在內的各種宗教組織就開始以一種現代企業經營的方式在經營宗教,積極創造民眾對宗教的需求,進而創造了民間宗教各種興旺的景象。我們透過對一個地方公廟儀式變遷的紀錄和分析,嘗試呈現台灣宗教治理的軌跡,並透由涂爾幹對「巫術」的分析,提出「巫術社群」的概念,藉以分析宗教治理技術運作下的社會關係。我們認為,「巫術社群」是現代社會關係的原型,具現了現代民間社會的組織與運作。最後,我們從規範與價值的角度切入,分析「巫術社群」的人文意涵,並提出對「現代性」的倫理反思。

關鍵字:現代性、民間信仰、巫術、治理性、身體、傅科、涂爾幹

Modernity and folk religion constitute a paradox. On the one hand, modernity enhances rationality, which should inevitably inhibit beliefs toward religion, especially folk religion. On the other hand, various types of religious behaviors seem to increase, rather than decrease in face of modernization. In this paper, we employ Foucault's concept of "governmentality" to solve the paradox between modernity and folk religion. Simply put, since 1970s when modernity unfolded in Taiwan, various types of religious organizations, including folk temples had started to appropriate methods of modern enterprise to manage their business. It is argued that this new type of religious governance actively created demands for religion, and resulted in the increase of religious behaviors as observed. We use data about changes in ritual practice from a local temple to detail the process and the mechanism of religious governance. In analyzing the process of religious governance, and inspired by Durkheim's ideas of magic, we propose a concept called "magical community"to designate the social relations not only under religious governance in particular, but also under modern governance as a whole. In other words, "magical community"is the prototype of every kind of social relations in modern society. It is here that we see the very meaning of govermentality in our modern age. In the end, we explore the meaning of "magical community? and reflect on the ethical problems of modernity

Keywords:modernity, folk religion, magic, governmentality, body, Foucault, Durkheim.


台社論壇

國家與社福組織之間的思辯:弱勢者的守護者或社會控制的工具?/王增勇(59 民 94.9 頁 185-188)

以身心障礙者就業基金為例,探討社福組織與國家的共生關係/鄭村棋(59 民 94.9 頁 189-198)

政府與專業結合形成社會排除:台北市心理復健家屬聯合協會的經驗/林首成(59 民 94.9 頁 199-202)

社福組織與在地部落主體性實踐的對話/黃盈豪(59 民 94.9 頁 203-210)

陷落在募款與案主權益夾縫中,左右為難的青少年福利工作/葉大華(59 民 94.9 頁 211-216)

走在國家體制與公民自主的鋼索上/陶蕃瀛(59 民 94.9 頁217-222)

 

問題與討論

老大哥-主流民意-你的指紋:自由主義與晚近人權爭議/錢永祥等(59 民 94.9 頁 223-268)

"東洋史學"的誕生與衰退-東亞學術制度的傳播與變形/白永瑞(59 民 94.9 頁 269-294)

凝視群眾「樂生療養院保存運動」的影像紀要/潘佩君、范燕秋(59 民 94.9 頁 295-314)

 

書評

擾人的傅柯與社工的擾人:閱讀 Chambon, Irving & Epstein的《傅柯與社會工作》/王行(59 民 94.9 頁 315-322)