《台灣社會研究季刊》 第74期:

二十週年紀念特刊 :專題─超克當前知識困境

編輯室報告

專題論文─超克分斷體制

白樂晴的「超克『分斷體制』」論:參照兩韓思想兩岸/陳光興(74 民 98.06 頁 03-47)

本文為2008 年台社二十週年會議超克分斷體制組的六篇文章之一,應與其他文章一同閱讀;本文受到的分工在通過白樂晴在兩韓脈絡中發展出來的超克分斷體制論為參照,思考兩岸問題。本文首先根據白樂晴的英文著作及中文翻譯中,追蹤與耙梳他在1970 年代提出民族文學論如何與第三世界的問題意識相結合,到了1980 年代因參與民眾運動與回應馬克思主義的挑戰,逐步形成分斷體制的分析概念,一直到90 年代將分斷體制上升到理論建構。以兩韓經驗為基礎,本文進入兩岸問題思想層次的討論,從相互參照中揭示超克分斷體制的困境與契機,主要核心論點在於,兩岸要能走向和解,必須超脫民族主義的史觀,放在世界史與區域史的視野,才能解釋帝國主義與殖民主義的動力如何在歷史進程中造成今天對峙的格局。因此,超克分斷體制必須發展成長期的知識計畫,一方面對分斷體制本身的歷史形構進行研究,一方面重建史觀,才能打開既有對於統獨問題窄化的認識。

關鍵字:白樂晴、分斷體制、超克、民族文學、第三世界、兩韓、兩岸關係

The essay is an integral part of the six papers presented by the “Overcoming ‘division system’” group in the 20th Anniversary Conference of the Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies, and therefore should be read along the side of other essays. This specific essay aims at approaching the problematic of Taiwan and Mainland China relation by inter-referencing the experiences of the two Koreas, as articulated in Paik Nak-chung’s theory of overcoming division system. It traces, in his English writing and translations in Chinese, the background in the 1970s for the proposal of a distinctive project of “national literature” and its relation to the Third world; in the 1980s, in his engagement in the People’s Movement and responses to the Marxist challenge, Paik began to develop the concept of “division system”, and then more systematically theorize it in the 1990s. On the basis of Paik’s theory, the essay moves on to unpack the conditions of the Taiwan-mainland relations with reference to the experiences of the two Koreas. It argues that, to move towards reconciliation, we will need to develop a historical worldview, which will overcome the self-centered nationalist historiography on both sides; by bringing global and regional history to the center of analysis, the dynamic history of imperialism and colonialism will be able to offer explanation on the formation of the division itself. Therefore, overcoming the division system needs to be understood as a long term intellectual-political project, to study the historical formation of the division system, on the one hand, and to reconstruct historiography so that the narrowing tendency of existing ways to understand the unification or independence can be overcome.

Keywords:Paik Nak-chung, division system, overcoming, national literature, third world, Two Koreas, Taiwan and mainland China


台灣經濟奇蹟的中國背景:超克分斷體制經濟史的盲點/瞿宛文(74 民 98.06 頁 49-93)

對於如何解釋台灣戰後經濟發展的優異成績,台灣內部仍是眾說紛紜,且甚至成為藍綠派別性對立的一部份。台灣在解嚴以來所形成的主流論述,大致是將成長歸功於或是日本殖民統治、或是美國的協助、或是人民的努力,而國民黨只是為一己之私致力於建立壟斷性黨國資本共生體,無功於經濟發展。本文認為落後國家要能夠成功的發展經濟,必須要同時具備抵拒外力以發展民族經濟的意志、能力與外在條件。上述主流論述只強調美日因素等外在必要條件,而忽略了另一重要條件—即發展的意志。本文也探究了戰後早期台灣經建事務主要推動者的背景與言行,認為應將他們視為是承繼中國救亡圖存使命的知識分子,「以實業救國的儒官」,與今日通稱的財經官僚實有所不同。台灣戰後推動發展的意志與動力,實源自中國百多年來面對西方挑戰及日本侵略、為了救亡圖存而形構成的現代中華民族主義。今日台灣各陣營都切斷了歷史,因而難以建立現實有效的主體意識,缺乏有效可行的經濟發展論述,遑論發展的意志。我們必須從歷史的聯繫瞭解過去及現在,才能重新建立台灣經濟共同體的主體意識,找到台灣經濟再出發的可能。

關鍵字:台灣經濟發展、中國背景、分斷體制、中華民族主義

There is no doubt that Taiwan’s post war economic record has been phenomenal. However, the question of how to explain its growth has been a controversial topic in Taiwan, often mired in partisan politics. The dominant discourse in the last two decades contributes Taiwan’s economic miracle to either the Japanese colonial legacy, or the American intervention, or the diligence of the populace, but not to the effort of the ruling Nationalist government. The ruling KMT party was instead accused of building up its oligarchical party-state capitalism for its own purposes. This paper shows that this discourse cannot explain the growth record. The afore-mentioned explanatory factors are necessary but not sufficient conditions for development. Developing economies need to have strong active forces to promote development, usually motivated by nationalism to fend off foreign economic dominance. Taiwan’s post war development was promoted by the Nationalist government, and its motivation came from the Chinese nationalism forged during the century-long Chinese struggle against foreign imperialism since the Opium War. It is necessary to look at the issue from a historical perspective, so as to understand the past and the present, and to find direction for future development.

Keywords:Taiwan’s economic development, China factor, division system, Chinese nationalism


台灣人如何再作中國人:超克分斷體制下的身分難題/鄭鴻生(74 民 98.06 頁 95-139)

今天在台灣,「中國人」身分充滿爭議,在不少人心中甚至成了負面而令人嫌惡的東西。台灣人與中國人這兩者變成二分對立的身分,糾纏在統獨問題與藍綠鬥爭裡。

為解決並超克這問題,本文先從四百年來台灣的中國人移民歷史中探討台灣人身分本身的隱含問題,及其在台灣造成的侷限性。接著從這60 年來國際局勢的變動中,來追尋中國人身分變化在台灣所走過的歷史軌跡,並指出1949 年以後的兩岸斷裂與冷戰局面才是如今中國人身分的問題所在。

在國際局勢再次面臨巨大變化的今天,本文進一步從數千年的中國歷史中,尋找台灣人重新再作中國人在歷史上、現實上、以及心理上的合理性。本文指出台灣話/閩南語是更為古老的中國話,是無須與華語二分對立的;中國人的身分基本不是來自血緣,在其幾千年的歷史中歷經過無數次的大混血,是較為包容的身分概念;而雖然在1895 年乙未割台後,台灣被迫暫時從中國的現代化過程中脫勾,但整個日據時期台灣的啟蒙知識分子還是不斷地從中國大陸的辛亥革命、五四運動,以及社會主義革命中汲取思想資源與感情能量。所有這些都是今天台灣人可以引以為超克兩岸分斷體制的心理基礎。

本文最後指出如今更重要的問題在於「作什麼樣的中國人」。而這個問題必須是開放性的,答案必須具有前瞻性。就是說中國人身分的界定必須不能被任何政治勢力所壟斷,而今天正是我們共同超克這難題的時候。

關鍵字:台灣人、中國人、身分、民族主義、分斷體制

In today’s Taiwan, to have a Chinese identity has become very controversial, even negative or distasteful. The two identities, Taiwanese and Chinese, being trapped in unification/independence issue and blue/green struggles, have been dichotomized and turned mutually exclusive.

In order to overcome this situation, this paper at first explores the intrinsic problem of Taiwanese identity and its limitation from 400 years of “Taiwanese” history. It then explores the changes in Chinese identities in Taiwan during the last sixty years, parallel to changes in the international political scenes. It is argued here that the cross-strait division under the cold war system was the main cause of the current identity problem. This paper further looks into thousands of years of Chinese history to seek likely rationalities for Taiwanese to be Chinese again. It not only covers historical, cultural, linguistic and psychological aspects, also refers to the connection of the modernization processes on both sides of the strait.

Finally, this paper discusses the most important question, that is, what kind of Chinese we would like to be. It argues that the definition of new Chinese should be beyond the interference of any political powers, and open to any people who identify themselves as Chinese.

Keywords:Taiwanese, Chinese, identity, nationalism, division system


以「方法論中國人」超克分斷體制/趙剛(74 民 98.06 頁 141-218)

在分斷體制下,台灣的主流知識狀況其實是以現代化意識形態為後設架構進行學術生產。於此,台社並非例外,與主流知識生產共享某些現代化後設,從而在方法論台獨的場域中操作知識生產。本文主要藉由對台社季刊的三篇集體寫作歷史地考察台社知識狀況的歷史與結構形成。這個考察經由台獨民粹主義、黨外自由主義、國民黨一路溯及五四新文化運動,企圖藉由對歷史與主體的關係作為軸線,理解台社(以及台灣知識界)的思想狀況。本文提出「方法論中國人」,作為知識上對「方法論台獨」的超克,以及最終對涵括兩岸的分斷體制進行超克。

關鍵字:方法論中國人、分斷體制、台社、歷史、主體、知識狀況

Under the division system, the mainstream condition of knowledge production is meta-theoretically framed upon certain premises of the alleged modernization theory lying at the core of the broader Cold War ideology, from which the self-acclaimed radical Taishe is not excluded. This paper tries to examine historically the current crisis of knowledge through reading closely three collective writings by Taishe in the past two decades. It is argued that the DPP ethnic populism, the Dangwai (outside the KMT) liberalism, the KMT nationalism, and all the way up to the May Fourth New Culture Movement, all contributed to the explanation of the present crisis of knowledge. The idea of “methodological Chinese” is proposed as a way to overcome the crisis determined or at least conditioned by the historical division system.

Keywords:methodological Chinese, division system, Taishe, history, subject, condition of knowledge


超克分斷體制:開場白/何春蕤(74 民 98.06 頁 219-221)

中國人如何再作中國人/甯應斌(74 民 98.06 頁 223-238)

如何「超克」台灣情結的知識結構/呂正惠(74 民 98.06 頁 239-244)

回應台社同仁的分斷體制論/李尚仁(74 民 98.06 頁 245-257)

我所理解的台社兩岸立場:一國兩制、兩國一制與一國一制/馮建三(74 民 98.06 頁 259-265)

為什麼就不能烏托邦一下子?/王曉明(74 民 98.06 頁 267-272)

 

問題與討論:知識介入與社會運動

異議思想二十年/徐進鈺、陳光興(74 民 98.06 頁 273-298)

全方位觀照台社論詰踐行面對的運動旨向/丘延亮(74 民 98.06 頁 299-316)

公民社會、知識份子與國家:關於台灣媒體改革運動的幾點反思/魏玓(74 民 98.06 頁 317-330)

二十年來台灣工運中的知識與實踐的矛盾/陳信行(74 民 98.06 頁 331-341)

移工運動的主體形塑:以「家事服務法」推動過程為例/顧玉玲(74 民 98.06 頁 343-365)

知識介入與移民/工運動的推進(一)/夏曉鵑(74 民 98.06 頁 367-382)

知識介入與移民/工運動的推進(二)/廖元豪(74 民 98.06 頁 383-405)

解嚴後台灣福利運動建制化的過程/王增勇(74 民 98.06 頁 407-417)

性別主流化之後的台灣性/別與同志運動/朱偉誠(74 民 98.06 頁 419-424)

大陸公民社會的能力建設:話語與實踐/朱健剛(74 民 98.06 頁 425-443)

對韓國蠟燭抗爭的反思/李南周(74 民 98.06 頁 445-456)

歷史的認識與政治的認同/藍博洲(74 民 98.06 頁 457-465)

 

問題與討論:批判台社.台社批判

做大時代的批判分析:從批判實存論出發/朱雲漢(74 民 98.06 頁 467-476)

異議的困境與必要性:在《台社》二十週年會議上的書面發言/汪暉(74 民 98.06 頁 477-483)

在台灣可能有正當的左派嗎?/林載爵(74 民 98.06 頁 485-488)

勉力獻疑:《台社》二十週年之際一個檻上人的一點觀察與感受/賀照田(74 民 98.06 頁 489-499)

紀念左翼前輩許登源(74 民 98.06 頁 501-504)