《台灣社會研究季刊》 第90期:

90


原住民族傳統智慧創作之歸屬與運用︰集體財產管理制度之探討/黃居正、邱盈翠(90 民102.03 頁1-42)

於原住民族財產意識中,個人勞動的價值以及最後勞動成果的歸屬,取決於部族哲學對於該生產結果之評價。此由內含大量社群文化元素與族群共同歷史記憶的原住民族傳統智慧創作,在實踐上時常是以集體管理之方式被呈現與運用,可以得證。是以,其歸屬、利用、揭露與管理收益,並不能單以市民法下的智慧財產權觀念加以判斷, 而必須輔以多元文化主義及原住民族人權保障的觀點。原住民族傳統智慧創作不應單純套用市民法智慧財產權制度之解釋,被無條件地視為完全供所有人自由近用之公共領域。
基此,本文首先探討原住民族財產權意識的特殊性,以及原住民族傳統智慧創作之歸屬與市民法下著作權權利歸屬之歧異。接續論述在運用原住民族傳統智慧創作的過程中,集體管理制度成型的制度背景,除佐以相關國際制度之發展外,亦比較台灣於「原住民族基本法」、「原住民族傳統智慧創作保護條例」等法規接連制定後之制度現況。然後分析對特定無體財產權採取集體管理制度之實例,以及在集體管理制度下,運用原住民族傳統智慧創作進行商業性及非商業性應用、授權之個案與模式,透過實證分析,對原住民族傳統智慧創作集體管理制度,提出政策面向與部落內部管理面向上的建議。文末則是以關於台灣本土具體實踐的討論,呈現台灣原住民族傳統智慧創作集體管理制度之願景。

關鍵詞: 原住民族傳統智慧創作、原住民族傳統智慧創作保護條例、集體管理、集體財產、特殊權利

Under the indigenous property consciousness, the entitlement and conferment depend not upon the insertion of labor, but the evaluation and measurement of the tribal community through their communal philosophy. Therefore, consensus over such conferment is usually reflected in their collective management system over communal property, which includes the formality of ownership, the ways of utilization, and the benefit sharing. Multiculturalism and indigenous human rights consequently play indivisible roles in determining the entitlement, which also evidences the scope of public domain would not be decided upon single factor such as economic efficiency only. This article will start with the peculiarity of the indigenous property system including the traditional cultural creations, mainly their diversity to the civil law IP regime. Then the formation and context of collective management system would be deplored by way of comparing domestic and international materials. Finally, some field researches over current collective management practices pertaining to the application and licensing in the indigenous community in Taiwan will be introduced, so to conclude with suggestions both policy-wise and infrastructural-wise.

Keywords: indigenous traditional cultural creations, protection act for traditional intellectual creations of indigenous peoples, collective management, collective property, sui generis


打出機會︰原住民成為棒球選手的社會流動和訓練體制/林文蘭(90 民102.03 頁43-114)

為什麼原住民會去追求職棒選手這種生涯短暫的工作?本文分析原住民取得職棒工作的前置訓練過程和運動機會結構的流動歷程。針對台東原住民基層球隊進行九個月的參與觀察,訪談76 位報導人,分析球員訓練日記,檢視球員的訓練軌跡、運動社會化、競賽遊戲與文化、意識形態的監管機制,勾繪原住民為何樂於擁抱隱形產出和不確定報酬的棒球訓練,從而打造自我剝削和規訓的苦練意識。研究發現原住民落入變形化的受教處境,在追求績效和競爭求存的過程中,球場不僅是運動專業化的所在,更是球員經歷、回應、抵抗甚至肯認階序意識的競技場。此外,在地位取得更呈現兩種分殊樣貌—邁向專業化之路、受限的替代出路。成功案例晉身職棒,塑造社會流動的開放假象,造就原住民運動成就的自我認同與社會形象,更遭逢短暫職涯和離職之困。效忠訓練體制的規則,對敗退者亦發揮社會控制的力量,模塑其自我說服的心理機轉,提供社會不平等現狀的解釋正當性。直言之,原住民球員的社會流動機會被綁縛在訓練體制所形塑的階序意識、運動升遷空缺鏈和短暫職涯的風險中。打棒球造成原住民在教育和謀職選擇的類聚趨勢與社會堆疊效果,更建構出原住民競爭有限空缺的淘汰鏈。


關鍵詞: 社會流動、訓練體制、競賽遊戲、苦練意識、階序意識

Why do the indigenous peoples aspire to become professional baseball players? a career that is so short? This study explores the disciplinary process and the social mobility through the sport opportunity structure that indigenous adolescents must undergo beginning professional careers. Through nine months of ethnographic observation, this study observed the indigenous players’ regular training processes and competitions. These observations were also accompanied with the players’ training diaries and in-depth interviews with 76 informants.By examining the space-time trajectories and sport socialization in their training process, as well as examining disciplinary process, athletic games and culture, and surveillance mechanisms regarding their mental and ideological states, the reasons why they enthusiastically embrace the intangible output and uncertain reward of baseball training and why they consciously cultivate a sense of self-exploitation and hard practice can be discovered. The following conclusions were obtained: Indigenous baseball players have come up through an nonstandard educational situation and therefore possess a “survival of the fittest’’ mentality. Under this formation of their dispositions and through competing for survival, the baseball field is not simply a place that these indigenous players learn athletic socialization and professionalism. It also becomes an arena where these athletes experience, react to, resist and recognize conventional hierarchical consciousness. Moreover, the indigenous players show characteristics of social mobility differentiation-pursuing the professional baseball career, but with limited alternative opportunities. The comparatively higher ratio of successful cases of indigenous players advancing to professional baseball careers represents the false illusions of the social mobility attainable through this sport, and produces a sport where indigenous peoples find self-identity and where a social image about indigenous sport achievement is presented, while enhancing social control on the unsuccessful cases and providing them with the justification and mental rationalization of the idea of social inequality. In a nutshell, the social mobility of indigenous players are limited by the hierarchical consciousness resulting from the disciplinary regime, the opportunities available in the chain of advancement in the sport, and the risk of a short-period professional career. Besides creating an occupational homogeneity of ethnic trend and social stacking effects amongst indigenous peoples in regard to their educational choices and occupational attainment, playing baseball also becomes a chain of survival or elimination-for indigenous peoples as they compete with each other for limited opportunities.

Keywords: social mobility, disciplinary regime, athletic games, consciousness of hard disciplinary practices, hierarchical consciousness


販賣服務:戰後台北市街道家具營造的歷史分析/翁註重、鄭育芬(90 民102.03 頁115-162)

二次大戰之後,台灣在工業化過程中獲得巨幅經濟成長;大批城鄉移民則促成台北都市化快速發展。然而,相對衍生的公共服務設施卻付之闕如;街道家具往往因陋就簡,任由非正式部門自力營造所填補,呈現了都市集體消費供應不足的狀態。直到1980 年代,台灣政治從威權轉型到民主時代,公共服務始成為市府施政著力點。1994 年, 首任民選市長設定交通移動、運輸服務作為重要施政議題,街道家具成為展現政績的政治造景。此一時期,台北市也膠著在「去工業化」後,追求經濟再發展的掙扎中。對應到英、美「新自由主義」的展開, 台北市街道家具被開發成為可獲取經濟租金的商品,並且連結到西方現代化都市美學意象。
因此,街道家具映照著都市關鍵作用者,在不同時期基於不同的治理思維,採取消極/積極行動,使其表現出不同的樣貌。本文以台北市街道家具變遷為線索,耙梳都市治理的不同面向。循此,全文歷史縱深涵蓋二次戰後迄今,著墨重點則集中於1994 年市長民選之後。最後,東亞「發展型國家」的威權,在市民社會崛起後普遍遭到挑戰; 人們分從個人游擊或社區營造,加入了這場角力戰。在政府、資本和人民的拔河中,街道家具乃各種力量的辯證體現。

關鍵詞: 街道家具、景觀史、文化研究、新自由主義

During the early postwar period, the economic policies adopted by Taiwan were export-oriented with huge economic growth achieved. A large number of rural-urban migrants contributed to the rapid development of urbanization in Taipei. Pitifully, there was no corresponding public service facility available. Street furniture was often humbly crude, only made and fulfilled by ‘informal sectors’. It showed the deficient supply status in response to urban collective consumption. Till 1980s’, when the political status inTaiwan transformed from authoritarian to democratic governances, public service became the new emphasis of city governmental policies. In 1994, the first people-elected mayor focused his political effort on transportation services, street furniture started to become a landscaping for political achievement. During this period, Taipei was also stalemated in the struggle for economic re-development after the deindustrialization in 1980s’. In contrary to the neoliberalism in Britain and U.S., the street furniture on Taipei City had been developed as the commodities with economic rent available. Furthermore, they were linked to the aesthetic intentions of Western modern urban. Consequently, street furniture mirrored the key roles of city. During different times with different governance thinking, both negative/positive actions were taken to unravel different facades. In this paper, street furniture on Taipei was viewed as the clues reflecting different aspects of urban governance. As such, this article covered the full historical depth during the period from post-World War II till now, especially focusing on the times after city mayor were elected democratically. Finally, the authority of developmental state in Taiwan was extensively challenged after the rise of civil society. Citizens joined the tussle through individuals or organized communities. In the tussle among governments, capitalists and citizens, street furniture meant the embodiment of divergent dialectical forces.

Keywords: street furniture, landscape history, cultural studies, neoliberalism


 「C/娘」的爭戰指涉、怪胎展演與反抗能動性︰檢視「蔡康永C/娘事件」中的「性別平等教育女性主義」論述/林純德(90 民102.03 頁163-214)


發生於2009年的「蔡康永C /娘事件」乃意指因著已出櫃男同志藝人蔡康永與其搭檔主持人小S 在電視綜藝談話節目「康熙來了」中使用「娘」字指涉一群自我肯認為異性戀的男性來賓的性/別氣質後所引發兩位「性別平等教育女性主義」(簡稱「性平女性主義」)學者及某些具有性平女性主義意識的男同志針對蔡康永的「C /娘展演」及「C /娘觀點」所進行一連串的批評、質疑,以及蔡康永在其部落格/博客與電視節目中的回應。藉由檢視此一事件中的性平女性主義學者及男同志的「C /娘」論述,並解析蔡康永個人的「C /娘觀點」及「康熙來了」、「娘娘駕到」節目中的主持人與來賓之間的「敢曝/露淫」的性/別互動,本文作者提出「C /娘」的爭戰指涉、怪胎展演與反抗能動性的相關論點,並藉此揭露性平女性主義在「C /娘」論述上的盲點。本文採取質性研究的取徑,並以文本分析為主要研究方法。

關鍵詞: C/娘、爭戰指涉、怪胎展演、反抗能動性、敢曝/露淫、性別平等教育女性主義

The Kang-Yung TSAI C/Niang Event, happening in 2009, refers to so-called gender equity education feminists’ and gay men’s criticisms against the openly gay celebrity Kang-Yung TSAI and to Tsai’s striking back in his blog and in the TV talk shows ‘Here Comes Kang-Xi’ and ‘Here Comes the Sissy’ after Tsai and his co-presenter Little S used the term ‘C/Niang’ (sissy) to signify self-identified male heterosexual guests in ‘Here Comes Kang-Xi’. This paper suggests a queered approach, characterized by contextuality, complexity and radicality, so as to look carefully at the term C/Niang’s contested signification, queer performativity and resistant agency and, therefore, to point out the weakness of the feminist argument that the very term stands for nothing but humiliation. By dint of examining the C/Niang-negative discourses among the feminists and gay men and of exploring the ‘campy’ interactions among the presenters and the guests in ‘Here Comes Kang-Xi’ and ‘Here Comes the Sissy’, this paper argues that in many ways C/Niang’s contested signification And queer performativity can be deployed by sissies in order to empower themselves so that they become able to disrupt gender/sexual norms and to fight against sissyphobia. In methodology, this paper employs qualitative textual analysis.

Keywords: sissy, contested signification

 

問題與討論

書寫是為了克服絕望:「未完」的〈蘋果樹〉/趙剛(90 民102.03 頁215-240)


左異聲響

開門見山:面對公民社會的矛盾/夏曉鵑(90 民102.03 頁241-242)
公共與集體利益的可能/徐進鈺(90 民102.03 頁243-253)
社區與社群的爭議:以地下社會事件為例/何東洪(90 民102.03 頁255-260)
兒少保護與再生產:性少數的「最後解決方案」?/ 許雅斐(90 民102.03 頁261-278)
媒改運動路上的曲徑與折射:從反媒體壟斷運動切入/ 魏玓(90 民102.03 頁279-285)

先行者

林書揚的一生及其信念/藍博洲、呂正惠(90 民102.03 頁287-299)