《台灣社會研究季刊》 第98期：

【專題論文】重探台灣戰後農村土地改革
專題導言／瞿宛文（98 民104.3 頁1-9）

台灣戰後農村土地改革的前因後果／瞿宛文（98 民104.3 頁11-67）

在戰後初期，國民政府在台灣進行了農村土地改革，這是劃時代的變革。不過，近年來在政治轉型過程中，如何看待土地改革再次成為高度爭議的議題。本文試圖探討這革命性變革產生的源由，國府能夠成功的實施土改的條件，及其實施之成效與影響，以此提出如何看待土改的歷史視野。國府當時進行土改的原因，在短期是為了要將中共拒於門外，但同時更是繼續著國共領導中國革命的競賽，延續著近代中國菁英為了救亡圖存競相提出現代化方案的傳承。中共農民革命的成功及其威脅，迫使國府終在台灣進行了溫和土改。國共競爭提供國府實施土改的動機，而齊全的客觀條件則使得土改得以成功實施，包括日本殖民統治留下的農業及農政基礎，美援帶來經費與技術援助及人才聚集的農復會，以及大陸地政人才的在台匯集等。

其實自上世紀初蘇共革命進行了土改後，土地改革即提上了落後國家現代革命的日程表，國共則各自倡議不同路線進行土改。當初國府推動土地改革時即宣稱繼承孫中山三民主義，其所引用理由包括：農村土地分配不均，地租過高且佃權無保障，農民難以維生且農業生產難以改進等。近年來有不少企圖否定當年土改的翻案文章，不過論者多從當初革命論述之不合理之角度著眼，且多停留在政治性論述層次。此等翻案文章，就如當初的革命論述一般，因採取「去歷史」角度，實無法回應「中國如何自救與現代化」這關鍵的歷史問題。本文則強調此評估應放在後進國家如何進行現代化的角度，應將土改視為是一種「強制現代化」的過程，而不應去歷史化的看待。在今日，台灣早已成功的現代化，而強制性以西方模式現代化帶來的問題不斷浮現。之後如何繼續前進？如何以此角度來看現在的農村問題？這些問題真實而嚴峻，但若否定土改，並無法提供答案。

關鍵詞： 土地改革、土改的動機與理由、強制性現代化、國共競爭說、台灣

In Taiwan’s early postwar period, the Nationalist government successfully carried out rural land reform. How to evaluate this reform became a controversial issue since democratization began in the late 1980s. This paper
examines the causes and effects of land reform and argues for a historical perspective to evaluate this important event. The Nationalist government implemented land reform in Taiwan then, not only because it wanted to make sure the Chinese Communists would not have a basis to mobilize peasant revolt, but also because it had been competing with the CCP to lead China’s modernization project. CCP’s success provided the Nationalists the motivation to carry out land reform in Taiwan. Moreover, some favorable conditions, including the Japanese legacy, the US aid and the agency it supported (JCRR), and an abundance of well-trained land
administrators from the mainland all contributed to the success of implementation of reform. The reasons adopted by the reformers to push land reform usually included unequal land distribution, high rent, unfair use of landlord power, peasant poverty, backward agriculture, etc. Actually, at that time, the reformers used these as the thesis for mobilizing peasants. To discredit the Nationalists, the democratic movement in Taiwan also tried to question the need for and effects of land reform. It is argued here that this kind of discourse, being politically motivated, adopts an ahistorical perspective and is not helpful for us to understand the circumstances in which land reform occurred. That is, land reform took place as Chinese elite competed to modernize China, and land reform was really part of the forced modernization project for a developing country. It is more useful to examine the causes and effects of land reform fromthis historical perspective.

Keywords: land reform, motivation and reasons for land reform, forced modernization, KMTCCP-competition thesis, Taiwan

兼顧地主的土地改革︰台灣實施耕者有其田的歷史過程／廖彥豪、瞿宛文（98 民104.3 頁69-145）

近年來，本土論述逐漸成為台灣社會的支配性論述，該論述認為國民政府為一外來的軍事威權政權，具有強大鎮壓能力，因此台灣戰後長期呈現「強國家—弱社會」、「強中央—弱地方」的局面。戰後初期國府推動的農村土地改革則在此論述中佔有重要位置︰一方面國府土改的動機被認為是要弱化地主以穩固政權，另一方面，國府之所以能夠成功推動土改也被認為是因為地主早已「弱體化」而無法反抗土改，推動土改因此更是進一步弱化本省菁英。土改成為支配性論述的基礎，也意味著該論述採取了「本省地主」的立場。本文主要探討當時《實施耕者有其田條例》的擬定與施行過程，發現歷史事實並不符合上述主流說法。在此立法過程中，本省地主絕非被動接受，反而是高度動員設法阻擋土改，其與國府高層及土改派進行的博弈，成功迫使國府及土改派在土改的範圍與作法上做出大幅度的讓步，因而土改實為一高度妥協的方案，並種下日後都市平均地權改革失敗的種子。本文將指出台灣土改實為「兼顧地主的土地改革」，亦即，國府其實國家能力不足，而本省地主菁英並非全盤弱勢，更何況還有美國因素的介入。因此以往「強國家—弱社會」及「強中央—弱地方」的說法亟需修正。再則，保守的國民黨在推動此重大社會改革時，處處顯現出其動機與決心實源於國共競爭，其保守性格也表現在其土改「必須兼顧地主」的立場上。支配性論述接收了當年以地主立場反對土改的論述來反對國府，影響所及，不單無法從現代化進程角度去理解土改，難以對過去農村與都市土地政策進行檢討，更無法進而建構新的土地政策與發展願景。在重新回顧這段土改歷史中也可瞭解兩岸分斷體制的影響。

關鍵詞：土地改革、實施耕者有其田條例、支配性論述、地主弱體化說、國共競爭說

The current dominant discourse in Taiwan, which grew out of the democratic movement since the late 1980s, argues that the Nationalist Party- State with its unrivalled governing power was able to impose its authoritarian
rule unchallenged from the early postwar years. The fact that the Nationalist government successfully undertook land reform in that early period is central to the argument. Supposedly successful implementation of land reform shows that the landlord class was too weak to resist the reform and was further weakened by it.
This study examines the historical process in which the “land-to-the-tiller”program was legislated into law in 1952-1953. The findings are contrary to the aforementioned thesis about land reform. It is found that, during the legislating process, the landlord class not only did not accept the reform passively, but formed an alliance and actively lobbied against it. As a result, the landlords were able to greatly limit the extent of the reform. In contrast to the radical reform on the Chinese mainland, land reform in Taiwan took a middle-of-theroad path, in which the government also took the landlord’s interests into consideration. The reform took this route because the Nationalists had to accede to the US interventions, were conservative by nature, and lackedadequate state capacity. By using land reform this way in the fight against the Nationalists, the democratic movement actually has adopted the stance of the landlord class in formulating the current dominant discourse. As a result, it cannot affirm the progressive element in land reform, and be helpful in the formulation of a progressive land policy.

Keywords: land reform, land-to-the-tillers program, mainstream discourse, weak landlord thesis, KMT-CCP-competition thesis

由鄉莊社會到現代社會：從土地所有制度演進重看台灣戰後初期農村土地改革／何欣潔（98 民104.3 頁147-193）

本文對於台灣農村土地所有制度如何形成，進行歷史性地考察。明清之際，漢人因沿海人口壓力而來台移墾，循中國沿海盛行之制度於台灣以業佃關係進行農作生產，社會面則以鄉莊組織進行基層自治。日本殖民時期，台灣總督府為使日本資本進入台灣，而漸次改造業佃關係，成為一配合日本殖民政策發展目標、可供土地融資之土地所有權。於此同時，國民政府於大陸形成以土地改革作為現代化計畫之一部分，卻從未成功，終至潰敗於成功執行土地改革的共產黨之手。退敗台灣後，於共產黨的競爭壓力之下，以美援為輔助進行了土地改革。1949年至1953年的農村土地改革，對台灣的業佃關係進行徹底的介入與改革，將原有業主權與佃耕權均改造為排他、可轉讓、以個人為權利主體的所有權，並透過共有土地之徵收，將過往以鄉莊社會為主的經濟模式，逐步轉變為現代國家治理模式。自此而後，農村土地所有權制度確立，台灣農民的耕作生產與鄉村治理逐步納入國家可掌控治理之範圍。由此歷史視野觀之，每一階段的土地所有產權變化都與當時的國家政策相配合，在國家對農村社會資源的汲取或改造想像之中，產權成為重要的治理工具，變更產權的同時，也均將引發鄉莊社會的變遷與農作生產方式的改變。於農村土地使用引發諸多討論之今日，對於土地所有制度進行歷史性的考察，有助於我們重新思考上世紀土地改革運動對於台灣戰後經濟發展的意義。

關鍵詞： 土地改革、土地所有制度、土地所有權、業佃關係、鄉莊社會

This paper examines land reform in Taiwan from a historical perspective.Since early Ching dynasty, Chinese peasants began to settle in Taiwan in large numbers and brought the tenancy system with them from the Mainland to cultivate the land. After 1895, the Japanese colonial government had succeeded to build up a modern sugar economy in Taiwan and modernize the agriculture sector. It carried out a land reform to introduce modern land property rights system. While on Mainland China, the Nationalist government had advocated peaceful land reform to counter the rising influence of the CCP, but failed to implement it before its defeat in 1949. In Taiwan, KMT remembered the lessons of its failure. It carried out land reform and controlled the rural area in Taiwan. As part of the modernization plan in Taiwan, the land-to-the-tiller program turned tenant peasants into small holders, established modern private land ownership institution, and transformed the organization of peasant society.

Keywords: land reform, land institute, property rights, farm tenancy, peasant economy

【問題與討論】從與發展主義切割的人民自救道路再出發
導言／丘延亮、陳永龍（98 民104.3 頁195-197）

以團結經濟抵禦發展主義的歷史考察／鍾秀梅（98 民104.3 頁199-217）

本文試圖從理論歷史簡要考察與文學替現的農村發展，來耙梳、理清社會經濟與團結經濟的創造背景，而此另類經濟概念的運動，不只有是純經濟思考，也包括鄉村地區的糧食、政治、生態、宗教、文化、社會福祉等等平等關係的建立，以期藉著這些歷史經驗提供作為台灣不斷擁抱發展主義的反思。

關鍵詞： 社會經濟、異化、資本主義、合作、團結經濟、另類發展

Upon a succinct survey on Taiwan literary representations of rural
development, this article clarifies the relations of social economy and solidarity
economy in rural Taiwan. It also articulates the concepts of alternative
movements of egalitarian practices in the countryside. The author suggests that
once these conventional solidarity economies were revived, they will serve as
effective means to curb rampant developmentalism.

Keywords: social economy, alienation, capitalism, cooperation, solidarity economics, alternativedevelopment

花東原住民面對觀光的土地文化衝突／蔡政良（98 民104.3 頁219-237）

本文從原住民族與土地關係變化的歷史過程，初步探討花東原住民族土地在當代國家的觀光發展論述和觀光市場的自由競爭下，可能導致土地炒作、危害文化永續與環境生態問題。觀光衝擊與衝突與否，關鍵仍在於原住民族能否掌控自己傳統生活領域的生存權利。

關鍵詞： 傳統領域、觀光發展、土地權、東海岸、阿美族

This paper explores the conflicts between the tourism development of the
government and the land-cultural issues among indigenous peoples from the
aspects of historical process of the land and contemporary daily life among the
indigenous peoples in eastern Taiwan. The tourism policy of the government
toward the eastern Taiwan does not base on the indigenous peoples’ cultures
but on a rhetorical discourse focuses on economic development. Therefore,
indigenous peoples are not only far away from the tourism business but also
facing the problems of land, environmental, and cultural issues, moreover, the
indigenous peoples are forced to be marginalized continuously. Some indigenous people have been trying to develop the tourism in eastern Taiwan in these years to avoid being marginalized and land losing which need more information in the future, however, the key point is still the autonomy of land using on the indigenous traditional territory.

Keywords: indigenous peoples, traditional territory, tourism, development, land, Eastern Taiwan,Amis

環境與發展的文化政治：台灣阿美族都蘭部落的傳統領域抗爭／羅素玫（98 民104.3 頁237-257）

本文檢視台東都蘭部落的原住民面對發展的社會抗爭。部落面對外來和官方的發展計畫與傳統領域的矛盾課題，以「傳統」與文化作為重要爭議與溝通協商的載體，來回應與對抗主流發展論述中所稱的文化與傳統之現代想像。本文並強調原住民主體文化，在實踐層面的意義詮釋和協商過程的重要。

關鍵詞： 傳統領域、社會抗爭、集體行動、儀式、年齡階層組織

This article deals with the concrete on the group resistance of the people
of ‘Tolan Niyaro against the impact of developmentalism in the past years.
It reviews the ways in which tribal organizations use their “tradition” as a
mechanism of cultural politics to negotiate and argue against external ideologies, as well as the contradictions imbedded therewith. In challenging the so-called mainstream developmental arguments, the tribal elders and youth adopted a strategy of “inventing traditions”. They created many renewed tribal practices for enhancing age group solidarity. Such a process could be seen as the manifestation of their tribal cultural subject-hood and was significant for their internal negotiation as well as for in-depth meaning-exposition at a very concrete level.

Keywords: traditional territory, social struggle, collective action, rituals, age organization

採集與微型生態菜園的沃土生計／盧建銘（98 民104.3 頁259-287）

撒烏瓦知部落（Sa’owac Niyaro’）是受政府迫遷拆除後重建的部落，部落為了一起面對抗爭，開始共同經營採集生活。採集與生態菜園連結阿美族文化的功能、意義和象徵，也衍生出其它的文化展演形式；此一家園生計系統的建構，對當代經濟體系下非原住民部落的農村與地方經濟，有很大的啟示作用。

關鍵詞： 生存抗爭、區域經濟、社群共同體、阿美族、生態共生系統

After being dismantled by the district government some five years ago,the
people of Sa’owac Niyaro’ swiftly rebuilt not only their living quarters but also
their livelihood. They not only created a new form of collective economy to endure through all the hardship but also managed to strengthen their social relations and tribal solidarity. The collection economy coupled with their ecoenhancinglivelihood practices could be said to have-been the most imaginative development of a concrete solidarity economy. The author tried to comprehend and explain the intricacies therewith involved. It was suggested that such an eco-enhancing livelihood project should be understood as an example, even for the regional economies for other non-aborigines communities.

Keywords: living Struggle, regional economy, community, Amis people, co-ecosystem

原住民古道舊社與活的文化保存／鄭安睎（98 民104.3 頁289-303）

台灣山區在殖民統治時期的隘勇線推進，全面導致原住民族傳統領域流失；今日山區仍遺留諸多古道、舊社，應積極調查以作為全民的歷史文化資產。本文作者在山區調查期間更發現：若無原住民獵人持續使用，古道、舊社必荒煙蔓草；調查資料與數位典藏是死的，狩獵文化才是原住民古道、舊社「活的」文化保存。

關鍵詞： 隘勇線、傳統領域、土地流失、歷史保存、數位典藏

During the Japanese occupation period the Japanese colonizer established their defile line to divide-and-encircle the Mountain-dwelling aborigines. It is just such a policy and administrative device which was responsible for the land lost by the encircled aborgines tribes. In investicating the relics of those defile line, the author had ran into many abandoned ancient-mountainpaths, abandoned tribal settlement ruins and historically significant sites and artifacts. However it is also founded at these so-called “ruins” were still recognized and utilized by quite a few tribal elders and hunters. The activities of re-visiting the ancient-mountain-paths are in effect a way to live up their hunting practices and a way to conserve their “Living” culture.

Keywords: defile line, traditional territory, land lost, historical conservation, digital archives

泰雅族家園生計實踐在當代社會的義涵／官大偉（98 民104.3 頁305-318）

回到經濟作為「家園維護」的本質，本文嘗試：1、指出台灣的發展歷程中，延續殖民敘事、邊緣化原住民族土地經驗的影響；2、以泰雅族傳統農耕為例，重新理解原住民土地知識與家園生計的意義；3、說明這些知識對當代台灣社會的啟發。本文強調：對於原住民家園生計的思辯，不是鄉愁式的懷想，而是在過去與現在的延續中，看到未來的可能。

關鍵詞： 原住民族、生物多樣性、土地知識、發展主義、人地關係

Revealing the essence of economy as “the maintenance of home”, this paper:1) point out the influence of colonial narrative that marginalizes the indigenous experiences of land; 2) take the Tayal traditional agriculture as an example, and explore the ecological meaning of Tayal livelihood practices; 3) Address the inspiration it bring to contemporary Taiwan society. In conclusion, this paper emphasizes such a reflection in not out of nostalgia. Instead of that, the reflection is a seeking of future possibility from the articulation of present and past.

Keywords: indigenous people, biodiversity, land knowledge, developmentalism, human-land relations

自然與社會的自我防護運動／陳永龍（98 民104.3 頁319-340）

本文從K. Polanyi 和F. Braudel 的理論視野出發，簡要論述資本主義經濟對市場、社會與自然的侵吞；必須透過經濟與社會「雙向運動」的認識，才能理解所謂「天災」其實是大自然的一部分，是自然對經濟社會的自我保護形制；而各種家園生計、文化政治等社會抗爭，則是社會體抵禦「人禍」的自我保護。

關鍵詞： 物質生活、市場經濟、資本主義、原初豐裕社會、社會我防護、大自然的反撲

The author set forth his arguments from the perspectives of Polanyi’s theory as well as Braudel’s three-tiered social formation scheme. The article reviewed the dynamics involved in the capitalist accumulation regime which causes various social and natural calamities. To counter such man-made disasters the author suggested that we must understand the mechanism of societal self-defense and recognitize its manifestation in concrete acts of social resistances.

Keywords: material life, market economy, capitalism, original affluent society, societal self-defense, natural self-defense

【左異聲響】網羅與崩壞：知識份子再議
編按／夏曉鵑（98 民104.3 頁341-342）
從「現實政治」到「罷課不罷學」／許寶強（98 民104.3 頁343-348）
從太陽花學運談起：反全球化與反中／瞿宛文（98 民104.3 頁349-361）
新自由主義全球化下的知識份子與社會運動／林孝信（98 民104.3 頁363-369）
我的兩個在地實踐／古學斌（98 民104.3 頁371-383）
學術生產與知識分子︰高教工會的實踐／陳政亮（98 民104.3 頁385-395）
部落實踐團結經濟／吳明季（98 民104.3 頁397-403）
從支農到返鄉︰梁漱溟鄉村建設中心人才培養的轉型／李管奇（98 民104.3 頁405-411）